only a part of the life of St. Osyth,) and a treatise on the brated for the number of noble youths who crowded thither Eucharist.-Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit. Albert, fictitious title of ARMSTRONG, REV. JOHN. Albin, Eleazar, a drawer and painter in natural history, and publisher of many works upon insects, birds, and Fishes, London, 1720, &c. Albin, J. History of the Isle of Wight, Newport, 1795. Albine, or De Šeres, John, author of a Notable Discourse against Heresies, 1576, directed against Calvin and his disciples, answered by Thomas Spark and Robert Crowley. Albis, Thomas De. See WHITE, THOMAS. Albricius lived in the reigns of Kings John and Henry III., according to Leland. Bale gives London as the place of his birth, and states that he studied both at Oxford and Cambridge. He was eminent as a physician and philosopher, was a great scholar, and travelled in quest of knowledge. 1. De Origine Deorum. 2. De Ratione Veneni. 3. Virtutes Antiquorum. 4. Canones Speculativi. A treatise, De Deorum Imaginibus, in the Mythographi Latini, has the name of Albricius attached to it, but the reference may be to Albricius, Bishop of Utrecht, 8th century. Albyn, B. Appeal to God and the King, Lon., 1697. Albyne. Sermons for Benefit of Bath Hospital, 1786. Alchorne, W. B., B.D. Funeral Sermon, Col. iii. 4, 1674. Alcock, John, LL.D., died 1500, was successively Bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely. He was born at Beverly, Yorkshire, educated at Cambridge. He wrote several works: 1. Mons Perfectionis. 2. Abbatia Spiritûs Sancti. 3. Homila Vulgares. 4. Meditationes Piæ. 5. Spousage of a Virgin to Christ, &c. In allusion to his own name, he wrote a treatise entitled Galli Cantus ad Confratres suos, decorated with prints of the bird. He was an excellent architect, and comptroller of the royal works and buildings under Henry VII. He was also preferred Lord Chancellor of England by the same monarch. Alcock, Mrs. Mary, sister to R. Cumberland. Poems, London, 1789. Alcock, Nathan, M.D. The Rise of Mahomet accounted for on Natural and Civil Principles, Lond., 1796. Alcock, T., pub. Sermons, Essays on Poor Laws, &c.. 1756, &c. Alcott, Amos Bronson, b. 1799, at Wolcott, Conn. He devoted many years to the cause of education, and his original views on the subject attracted considerable attention in Europe and America. Conversations with Children on the Gospels, Bost., 1836, 2 vols. 12mo. See Appleton's New Amer. Cyc. Alcott, J. Jesus, King of Saints, &c., 1794. Alcott, William A., M.D., born 1798 at Wolcott, Connecticut. Distinguished author and public lecturer on Physiology, Hygiene, and Practical Education. Has written and edited upwards of 100 vols. on various subjects, of which the following are a part: House I live in; Young Man's Guide; Young Woman's Guide; Young Mother; Young Husband; Young Wife; Young Housekeeper; Lectures on the Ten Commandments; Lectures on Life and Health; Vegetable Diet Defended: Water Cure; Prize Essay on Tobacco; &c. &c. &c. Also has been editor of and contributor to many moral and educational journals. Many of Dr. Alcott's works have been very popular. to imbibe instruction from the lips of that prelate. Alcuin was distinguished above his fellows by his application to the study of the sciences, which were taught by Egbert's kinsman, Aelbert, who succeeded him in 766 in the see of York, and in the management of the school. Alcuin was Aelbert's favourite pupil; when about twenty years of age he was chosen to accompany him on a visit to the Continent in search of books and of new discoveries in science, and on that occasion he resided a short time at Rome. In 781, Alcuin visited Parma, on his return from Rome, and there met with Charlemagne, who had also been at Rome. That monarch was then meditating the foundation of scholastic institutions throughout his dominions, and being well informed of Alcuin's great reputation for learning, if not already personally acquainted with him, he invited him to settle in France, and to become his adviser and assistant in his projects of reform Alcuin readily complied with the king's desires; but he continued his journey home to fulfil his original commission, and to obtain the consent of the Archbishop of York and the King of Northumbria (Alfwold) to the proposed arrangement. With the approbation of his spiritual and temporal superiors, having chosen some of his own pupils as companions, he returned to France in the year 782. The position of Alcuin at the court of Charlemagne during his first residence in France has been compared and contrasted with that of Voltaire and other learned foreigners, who were patronized by Frederick the Great. Without holding any actual employment, he lived as the friend and counsellor of the Frankish monarch, was the companion of his private hours, which were spent in discussing questions of theology and science, and acted as the instructor of his children. After remaining about eight years in France, he resolved to return to York. Charlemagne begged him to come back speedily, and make the court of France his lasting home; a request to which Alcuin was willing to consent, if he could make it consistent with his duties to his native country. "Although," he said, "I possess no small inheritance in my own country, I will willingly resign it, and in poverty serve thee; let it be thy care to obtain the permission of my king and my bishop." Alcuin came to England in the year 790, as ambassador from Charlemagne to King Offa, to arrange some misunderstanding which had arisen between these two great monarchs. From 792 to 796 Alcuin continued to reside at the court of Charlemagne, in the same relation to his patron as before his visit to England. His position was rendered agreeable, not only by the favour of the royal family, but by the society of a circle of learned friends; yet his happiness was frequently interrupted by grief at the troubles with which his native country was visited. Alcuin's letter to the monks who had escaped from the massacre at Lindisfarne will serve as a specimen of his epistolary style. We give some extracts: Christo filiis Hugibaldo Episcopo omni Congregationi Lindisfar "Beatissimi Patris sancti scilicet Cudbercti Episcopi optimis in nensis Ecclesiæ, Alchuinus Diaconus, cœlesti in Christo benedio tione salutem. "Vestræ vero caritatis familiaritas præsentem multum me lætificare solebat: sed versa vice vestræ tribulationis calamitas, licet absentem, multum me quotidie contristat. Quomodo pagani contaminaverunt sanctuaria Dei, et fuderunt sanguinem sanctorum in circuitu altaris. Vastaverunt domum spei nostræ, calcaverunt corpora sanctorum in templo Dei quasi sterquilinium in platea. Quid nobis dicendum est, nisi plangendum animo vobiscum ante altare Christi, et dicere: Parce Domine, parce populo tuo, et ne des hæreditatem gentibus, ne dicant pagani, ubi est Deus Christianorum? Quæ est fiducia Ecclesiis Britanniæ, s Sanctus Cudberctus suam non defendit cum tanto sanctorum numero? Aut hoc majoris initium est doloris, aut peccata hali tantium hoc exegerunt. Non enim quiddam casu contingit, sed magni cuilibet meriti judicium est. Sed modo, qui residui estis, state viriliter, pugnate fortiter, defendite castra Dei. Mementote Judam Machabeum, quia templum Dei purgavit, et populum eruit, ut eliberavit extranea. Si quid corrigendum sit in moribus mansuetudinis vestræ, citius corrigite. Patronos vestros ad vos revocate, qui vos ad tempus dereliquerunt. Non defuit illis potestas apud Dei clementiam; sed nescimus, cui tacuerunt. Nolite gloriari in vanitate vestium; hæc non est gloria sacerdotum et Alcuin, 735-804. The last of the distinguished Anglo-Saxons, whose name shed lustre on the empire of the Frankish monarchs in the eighth century, was Alcuin. There is only one early life of Alcuin, which is anonymous, and was written in 829, by a person who obtained much of his information from Sigulf, Alcuin's friend and disciple: it is printed in the editions of Alcuin's works, in the Acta SS. Ord. S. Bened. of Mabillon, in the collection of Surius, and in the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists. The richest source of information relating to his history is his Epistles. Much has been written concerning Alcuin in modern times; a sketch of his life is given by Mabillon; a more extensive life was composed in Latin by the prince-Abbot Frobenius, and prefixed to his edition of his works. More recently Alcuin's life has been published vestrarium delere. Non exeatis post luxurias carnis et avaritias by Dr. Frederick Lorenz, Professor of History at the Uni-seculi: sed in servitio Dei et regularis vitæ disciplina firmiter perversity of Halle, (1829,) translated into English by Jane manete, ut sanctissimi patres, qui vos genuerunt, vobis protec tores esse non cessent. . . . Et tu, Pater Sancte. Dux populi Dei. Mary Slee, (sm. 8vo, London, 1837.) Born at York about Pastor gregis sancti, medicus animarum, lucerna super candelathe year 735, of a noble family, Alcuin was scarcely brum posita, esto forma in omni bonitate cunctis te videntibus. weaned from his mother's breast when he was dedicated Sit tuus comitatus honestis moribus, aliis exemplum ad vitam, to the church, and intrusted to the care of the inmates of non ad perditionem. Sint tibi epule, non in ebrietate, sed in sobrietate. Sint vestimenta tuo gradui condigna. Noli te confor the monastery; and on reaching the proper age he was mare seculi hominibus in vanitate aliqua. Iris ornatus vest1placed in the school of Archbishop Egbert, then cele servorum Dei, sed contumelia. Nolite in ebrietate verba orationum mentorum, et cultus inutilis tibi est opprobrante homines, et peccatum ante Deum. Melius est animam in perpetuum perma- | nentem bonis ornare moribus, quam corpus cito in pulvere putrescens exquisitis comere vestibus. Vestiatur et satietur Christus in paupere, ut hæc faciens regnet cum Christo. Redemptio viri proprie divitiæ. Si aurum diligamus, præmittamus nobis in coelum, ubi servabitur nobis, et quod amemus, habemus. Amemus æterna, et non peritura. Veras diligamus divitias, et non caducas; sempiternas non transitorias. Paremus nobis laudem a Deo, et non ab hominibus. Faciamus, quod fecerunt, sancti, quos laudamus. Sequamur illorum vestigia in tenis, ut illorum gloriæ consortes es se mereamur in coelis." In 803, Alcuin's zeal in defending the privileges of the church drew upon him the temporary displeasure of Charlemagne, and his grief on that occasion probably hastened his death. He died at Tours, on Whitsunday, the 19th of May, 804, and was buried with great pomp in the church of St. Martin. An epitaph, written by himself in Latin elegiacs, was placed on his tomb, and is preserved by his ancient biographer. The Epistles form the most interesting portion of Alcuin's works, not only as being the principal source of information relating to his character and life, but for the light which they throw upon contemporary history. Though his Latin is far from pure, these Epistles are in general clear and dignified; the latter characteristic sometimes degenerates into inflated pompousness. Next in importance to the Epistles, are his Poems, which are extremely varied in character, consisting of a long piece in hexameters on the bishops and saints of the church of York, an elegy on the destruction of Lindisfarne by the Danes, and a considerable number of epigrams, epitaphs, and ænigmata. The best of these poems in point of composition, and that which has been most frequently quoted, is the Elegy on the Destruction of Lindisfarne. Latin poetry did not flourish in the age of Alcuin, and it is not much in favour of this piece to say that it is superior to most of the poems of the time. The following reflections on the uncertainty of human happiness, are perhaps the most striking passage it contains: "Postquam primus homo Paradisi liquerat hortos, The theological writings of Alcuin are generally divided into three classes: his Commentaries on the Scriptures, which are characterized by the same partiality for typical interpretations as characterizes those of Bede, his Dogmatic Treatises, and his Liturgic Works, (Opera Liturgica.) The Commentaries consist of the Questions and Answers on the Book of Genesis, which were translated into AngloSaxon, the Comments on the Penitential Psalms, on the Song of Solomon, and on the Book of Ecclesiastes, the Interpretationes Nominum Hebraicorum, and the Commentaries on St. John, and on the three Epistles of St. Paul. His principal Dogmatic writings are the treatises de Fide Trinitatis and De Processione Spiritus Sancti, and his books against Felix and Elipandus. Under the head of Opera Liturgica are classed the Liber Sacramentorum, the treatise De Psalmorum Usu, the Officia per Ferias, and the tracts De Virtutibus et Vitiis and De Animæ Ratione. To these works are joined four lives of Saints, three compiled by Alcuin, those of St. Martin of Tours, of St. Richarius, and of his countryman Wilbrord, (the latter in prose and in verse,) and one, that of St. Vedastus, composed by an older writer, but corrected and edited by himself. The tracts which Alcuin compiled for the purposes of instruction are few, and are not remarkable for their manner or the information they contain; they consist of four treatises, De Grammatica, De Orthographia, De Rhetorica et Virtubus, and De Dialectica, with several brief tracts, some of hich are of doubtful authenticity. The last editor of the works of Alcuin has given a collection of pieces either doubtful or decidedly supposititious, among which the only one of any importance is the Confessio Fidei, which has been believed by many scholars and theologians to be a genuine work of the preceptor of Charlemagne. There can be no doubt that some of the writings of Alcuin are lost: among these the most important must have been the Biography of Charlemagne, attributed to him on the authority of an expression of Eginhard; though it is somewhat doubtful whether such a work ever existed. Many of the writings of Alcuin were published separately, or in collections, during the 16th century. His works were first printed collectively, but very imperfectly, by André Duchesne (under the Latinized name of Andreas Quercetanus) in 1617. A far more complete edition was published in 1777, by Frobenius, Prince-Abbot of St. Emmeram at Ratisbon. But this also might be rendered much more perfect by a collection of the manuscripts preserved in our English libraries. Many of the separate editions of the writings of Alcuin are extremely rare. It is probable that some of them have entirely escaped our researches. Of others we can only speak from the indications of bibliographers. Some of the letters have been printed singly in books, which, it was not considered necessary to point out. It may be observed that the manuscripts in England con tain several inedited letters. Ar EDITIONS OF ALCUIN.-Alcuinus de Fide Trinitatis, in the Homiliarum, Basiliæ per Nicolaum Kessler, anno MCCCCXCVIII. NoAlcuinus de Fide Trinitatis. Impressum est præsens Opusculum nas Augusti. Reprinted in other Homiliaria of the 16th century. in Uttinpurrha Monasterio SS. MM. Alexandri et Theodori, Ord. S. Ben. Anno MDIX. Cal. Sept. This was the first production of the printing-office established in the monastery of Ottoburg by Abbot Leonard. Albini Diaconi Anglici in D. Joannis Evangelion gentorati, Anno MDXXVII. 8vo. D. Albini Caroli illius Magni commentariorum libri septem, Christiana fruge refertissimi. olim præceptoris, in Genesim Quæstiones, a Menardo Molthero restituta. Hagano per Io. Sec., Anno MDXXIX. 8vo. Alcuini Dialectica and the Dialogus de Rhetorica, edited together by Menardus Moltherus, 8vo, Hagenowe, 1529. Alcuinus de Fide Trinitatis, 8vo, Argentorati, 1530. Albini Theologorum suætatis doctissimi, in Ecclesiasten Commentaria. Basile, ex officina Bebeliana, MDXXXI. 8vo. Frobenius states it as doubtful if this edition were printed at Basil or Strasburg. It is dedicated to John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln. Albini in Septem Psalmos Poenitentiales et exviii. Psalmum, et in Cantica Graduum, Expositio. Paris, ap. Nicolaum Divitem, 1547, 8vo.-MixpoжрEOBUTIKOV, Basil, 1550, p. 445. The Questiones in Genesin. The Quæstiones in Genesin, and the Expositio in Psalmos Poenitentiales, were printed in the collec tion of the Orthodoxographi, fol. Basil, 1555. Alcuini Liber Sacramentorum, was printed in Jacobi Pamelii Opera Liturgica, Colon, 1561, 1571, and 1609. Alcuini Institutiones Rhetoricæ, per Mat. Gallenum, 4to, Duaci, 1564. Commentarius in Psalmos Pœnitentiales, Svo, Paris, 1568. De Virtutibus et Vitiis, in the Bibl. Patrum, Paris, 1575. Homeliæ, Col., 1576. The Quæstiones in Genesin, inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum, fol. Paris, 1579, tom. ix. Commentaria in Ecclesiasten, cum Epistola de Baptismi Cæremoniis, 8vo, Paris, 1589. De Sanctissima Trinitate Libellus; Admodum reverendi patris F. R. Alcuini Albini Abbatis quondam S. Martini Turonensis: ad serenissimum ac potentissimum regem ac imperatorem Augustum Carolum Magnum. Repertus primum et descriptus e vetusto codice in celeberrimo virorum divino cultui mancipatorum coenobio Augiæ Divitis nuncupato, ac nunc demum industria Nicolai Kalt typis divulgatus, Constantiæ, 1596. Antiqui Rhetores Latini. Ex bibliotheca Francisci Pithoei IC. 4to. Paris, 1599, pp. 359-382. Alcuini sive Albini de Arte Rhetorica Dialogus. Some of his epistles were printed at Ingolstadt, 4to, 1601. Canisius, Lectiones Antiquæ, fol. 1601. Ed. Basnage, fol. Antverpiæ, Vitiis, pp. 379-456. Alcuin's Epistles, from a MS. at St. Gallen, tom. ii. p. 376. Supplementuin ad Alcuini librum de Virtut. et pp. 457-471. his homily on Wilbrord. and the metrical life of that Saint, pp. 488-505. Alcuini Dialectica, pp. 506–538. Alcuini Grammatica, 529-548. Epistola de Canticorum Loco, and the treatise De Ceremoniis Baptismiattributed to him. Thesaurus Homiliarum seu Concionum, ex probatissimorum patrum, et SS. Ecclesiæ Catholicæ tam Græcorum quam Latinorum Doctorum monumentis, ab Alcuino Flacco. jussu Caroli Magni primum acri judicio erectus, commodoque ordine pro ratione temporis in totius anni Evangella distributus. Tandem vero pro meliori usu, religi osissimi et dootissimi F. Laurentii Surii Carthusiani opera. in totius anni Epistoadytis petitis plurimum auctus, ab innumerisque mendis vindicalas concionibus exegeticis ex eisdem antiquissimorum Patrum tus, fol. Col. Agrip., 1604. The homilies of Alcuin only form the foundation of this work.-Dialectica Alcuini. 4to, Ingolstadt, 1604. Grammatica Latina Auctores Antiqui. Opera et Studio Helis Putschii, 4to. Hanov., 1605, coll. 2075-2142. Flacci Alcuini. Caroli Magni Imp. Magistri, Grammatica. Opera. collected and edited by André Duchesne, fol. Paris. 1617. Alcuini Dialectica, cura Met. Weiss, Salisburgi, 1629. Historia Francorum Scriptores. Opera ac Studio Andreæ du Chesne Geographi Regis. fol. Lut., Paris, 1636. Tomus ii. pp. 6C8-690. Twenty-eight letters of Alcuin, pp. 690-693. four Epitaphs, and his Versus ad Carolum Imperatorem. Compendium in Canticum Canticorum. ex edit. Patr. Junii. London, 1638. D'Achery, Spicilegium sive Collectio veterum aliquot Scriptorum, 4to, 1654, tom. vi. pp. 391 and 396, three letters of Alcuin, tom. ix. p. 111. preface to the Exposition of the Psalms. Nova editio, fol. Paris, 1723, tom. iii. 321, 322, 323, the letters and preface to the Psalms. Confessio, seu Doctrina de Deo, edited by Chifflet, 4to, 1656. Acta Sanctorum, etc., 158. The Life of St. Vedastus. Acta Sanctorum Ordini S. Benedicti, Sæc. ii. fol. Lut. Par., 1660, pp. 187-197. The life of St. Richarius, Sec. lii. pars prima, fol. Lut., Paris, 1672, pp. 601-629. The two lives of Wilbrord, Sac. iii. pars secunda, fol. Lut. Par., 1672, pp. 558-569. A large portion of the poem on the Bishop of York, given as anonymous. Mabillon, Vetera Analecta, 8vo, Paris, 1675-85, tom. i. p. 369. Versus de Cuculo, tom. Iv. pp. 272-312. Twenty-six letters of Alcuin previously inedited. p. 522. Alcuini versus de Aquila Episcopo Saltzburg. Nov. Ed. fol. Paris, 1723, pp. 398-408. The twenty-six Epistles, p. 409. Alcuini versus de Cuculo, p. 348. The verses on Aquila (Arno.) Historia Britannica, Saxonicæ, Anglo-Danica, Scriptores xv. Opera Th. Gale, vol. i. fol. Oxon., 1691, pp. 703-732. The poem De Pontificibus et Sanctis Ecclesiæ Eboracensis. Pezius, Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novissimus, fol. Augustæ Vindelicorum, 1721, tom. ii. pars. 1. col. 1-10. Alcuini Opusculum de Comparatione Novi et Veteris Testamenti, and seven Epistles to Arno. Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France. Tome Cinquième, Par Dom Marten Bouquet, fol. Paris. 1744, pp. 604-620. Twenty-five Epistles of Alcuin. Beati Flacci Albini seu Alevini Abbatis, Caroli Magni Regis ac Imperatoris Magistri, Opera. Post primam editionem. a viro clarissimo D. Andrea Quercetano curatam, de novo collecta, multis locis emendato, et opusculis primum repertis plurimum aucta, variisque modis illustrata. Cura ac Studio Frobenji, S. R. I. Principis et Abbatis ad S. Emmeramum Ratisbona. Tomi duo in quatuor voluminibus, fol. Ratisbon, 1777.-Abbreviated from Wright's Bing. Brit. Lit. Alday, J. Trans. of Theatrum Mundi, &c., Lon., 1754. Alden, Joseph, D.D., LL.D., b. 1807, in Green county, N.Y.; grad. at Union College, N.Y., 1828; received the degree of D.D. from the same institution, 1838, and that of LL.D. from Columbia College, N.Y., 1857. He pursued his theological studies at Princeton, N.J.; was for two years a tutor in Nassau Hall; was for many years Professor of Rhetoric in Williams Coll., Mass.; Prof. of Moral Philosophy in Lafayette Coll., Pa. In Jan. 1857, he became President of Jefferson Coll., Pa. Dr. Alden has confined his efforts as a writer chiefly to the department of Sundayschool literature. Among his numerous works for the young may be mentioned The Example of Washington, The Patriot's Fireside, Religion in Fashionable Life, &c. At one time editor of the New York Observer, and has been a large contributor to its columns. He is engaged [1858] in the preparation of a text-book on Intellectual Philosophy. Alden, Rev. Timothy, 1771--1839. American Epitaphs, 5 vols. 18mo, N. York, 1814. Alden, T. J.F. Index to the Reports of the Decisions of the Supreme Ct. of the U. States, from Dallas to 14th Howard, inclusive, 3 vols. 8vo, Phila., 1854. Collection of Alder, Robert, Wesleyan Missions, London, 1842. Alder, Thomas. Medical Treatises, London, 1804-05. Aldersey, S. Voyage to Alexandria and Cairo, 1586. Alderson, J., M. D. Besides writing professional treatises, Dr. A. published several upon Agriculture and Geology, 1788, &c. The Aldhelm. We shall meet with more than one great scholar formed by the teaching of Theodore and Adrian. The most celebrated of these was Aldhelm, a scion of the illustrious family of the West-Saxon kings. Aldhelm was born in Wessex; but the date of his birth is uncertain, although it may be placed with sufficient probability about the year 656. Aldhelm was not a voluminous writer. works which alone have given celebrity to his name are his two treatises on Virginity and his Enigmata. The prose treatise De Laude Virginitatis continued to be a favourite book with our Anglo-Saxon forefathers up to the time of the Norman Conquest, and numerous early manuscripts of it are still preserved. Aldhelm's Latin compositions have been frequently cited as an example of the false style of the early Anglo-Latin writers. Even as far back as the 12th century, William of Malmsbury felt himself obliged to offer an apology for him, grounded on the taste of the age in which he lived. His writings are on the one hand filled with Latinized Greek words, and with awkward expressions that render them obscure; while on the other they abound in the alliterations and metaphorical language which characterized his native tongue. Aldhelm's prose is much less pleasing than his verse, because it is far less harmonious. Aldington, Maj. Military treatises, Lon., 1804. Aldington, J. Poem on Shooting, 1767. Aldini, John. 1. An Account of the Late Improvements in Galvanism, &c., Lon., 1803, 4to, with plates. 2. Application of Galvanism to Medical Purposes, 1819. Aldred, died about 1069, an Anglo-Saxon prelate. Tanner gives him credit, perhaps without much probability, for two works: 1. Pro Edgaro Rege contra Tyrannidem Normannorum, lib. i. 2. Epistolas ad Exiles, lib. i. Aldred, Jer. Sermon on Psalm xviii. 48, 49, 1716. Aldrich, C. Sermon after the Plague, Ex. xxxiii. 19. Aldrich, Henry, D. D., 1647-1710, of Christ Church. Oxford. He was eminent as a controversialist, (in opposition to Popery,) as an architect, and as a musician. principal works were, 1. Reply to Two Discourses concern His ing the Adoration of our B. Saviour in the Holy Eucharist, Oxford, 1687-88. 1692, 1696, 1704, 1750. 3. Elementa Architecture Civilis ad 2. Artis Logicæ Compendium, Oxford, Vitruvii Veterumque Disciplinam et recentiorum præsertim ad Paladii exempta probatiora concinnata, Oxf., 1789. In his first character-as a disputant-Burnet places him among the more distinguished divines "who managed and directed this controversial war." Aldrich, James, 1810-1856, an American poet and journalist, b. near the Hudson, in the county of Suffolk. He received his education partly in Orange county, and partly in the city of New York, where, early in life, he relinquished the occupation of a merchant and devoted his attention entirely to literature. Edited two or three popular periodicals. See specimens of his poetry in Griswold's Poets and Poetry of America. In the words of his physician, Dr. Kissam, "He not only wrote poetry, but lived the life of a true poet." Aldrich, or Aldridge, Robert, died 1555-1556, was Bishop of Carlisle in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Mary. He was a friend of Leland's, and corresponded with Erasmus. 1. Epistola ad Gulielmum Hormanum. 2. Epigrammata varia. 3. Several Resolutions concerning the Sacraments. 4. Answers to certain Queries concerning the abuses of the Mass.-Biog. Brit. Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, b. 1836, Portsmouth, N.H., Asst. Ed. Home Journal, N. York, a poet of much promise. 1. Miscellaneous Poems, 12mo. 2. The Course of True Love never did run Smooth, 1858, N. York, 12mo. "This piquant little volume, by the author of 'Babie Bell,' tells of the haps and mishaps of two Eastern lovers whom a whimsical cious verse, the truth of Shakspeare's line, old caliph endeavors to keep apart, and illustrates, in most deli "The course of true love never did run smooth."" Aldridge. See ALLDRIDGE, W. T. Aldridge, W. Doct. of the Trinity, on John v. 5, 1777. Hand, London, 1769. Aldridge, W., and Holdsworth, W. Natural Short Alen, or Allen, Edmond, died about 1559, was a native of Norfolk. Strype praises him as a great proficient in Greek and Latin, an eminent Protestant divine, and a learned minister of the gospel. He wrote a number of theological works, and translated some into English. Edinburgh, a divine of the Confession of Augsburg. Ales, or Alesius, Alexander, 1500-1565, born at Patrick Hamilton, the first Scotch martyr, was the means of his conversion to the doctrines of the Reformation. He wrote a number of theological works, and translated Ed ward VI.'s first Liturgy for the benefit of Bucer. Ales. See ALEXANDER DE HALES. tive of Rockbridge county, Virginia. He was educated at Alexander, Archibald, D.D., 1772-1851, was a naHampden Sydney College, and studied theology with Rev. Mr. Graham. He was licensed to preach October 1, 1791, ordained by the Presbytery of Hanover, June 9, 1794, and for some years was a pastor in Charlotte and Prince Edward. He was chosen President of Hampden Sydney College in 1796, pastor of the 3d Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia in 1807, and first Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology of the Princeton (New Jersey) Theolohe retained until his death in 1851. Dr. Alexander's chagical Seminary on its establishment in 1812, which office racter was most exemplary in all the relations of life. His principal works are, Evidences of Revealed Religion; On the Canon of Scripture; Christian Experience; History of African Colonization; History of the Israelites; Annals of the Jewish Nation; Advice to a Young Christian; Bible Dictionary; Counsels from the Aged to the Young; Thoughts on Religious Experience; History of the Log College. "Professor Alexander published his very useful volume on the Canon of Scripture. as a supplement to a treatise on the Evidences of the Christian Religion, which has been very favourably received in North America. This treatise on the Canon is avowedly compiled from the previous labours of the most eminent critics, espe cially Bishop Cosin's Scholastic History of the Canon of the Old Testament, and the ample collections of the in partial and indefatigable Dr. Lardner, and the learned Jeremiah Jones. The first part of Dr. Alexander's treatise discusses the Canon of the Old Testament; in the second part are considered the Canon of the New Testament, and the reasons for which the Apocryphal books students (especially in North America) who may not have access are deservedly rejected from the Sacred Canon. To divines and to numerous and more costly works. this treatise is a very useful and acceptable present."-Horne's Introduction. This work was published, Princeton, 1826, 12mo, London, 1828, 12mo. A new ed. was published, Lond., 1833, 12mo, with introductory remarks by John Morison, D.D. After Dr. Alexander's decease, there was pub. from his | piness of departed spirits, and of the resurrection of the same body, MS. a work entitled Outlines of Moral Science, 1852. "Though not aspiring to the dignity of a treatise, it forms a most compact and convenient text-book.... The author has had a clear perception of the limits of his subject, and has not aimed at making it a manual of the whole duty of man.'. . . It is a calm, clear stream of abstract reasoning, flowing from a thoughtful, well-instructed mind, without any parade of logic, but with an intuitive simplicity and directness which gives an almost axiomatic force. From this characteristic we could almost have conjectured what is stated in the preface, that the study of ethical philosophy was the author's favourite pursuit for at least threescore years, and that for forty years it formed a branch of academic instruction in connection with his theological course."- Westm. Rev., Jan. 1853. Alexander, B., M.D., d. 1768, trans. Morgagni's Seats and Causes of Diseases inves. by Anatomy, Lon., 1769. Alexander, Caleb, D.D., of Mass., U. S. of America, d. 1828. 1. Essay on the Deity of Jesus Christ, &c., 1796. 2. Latin Grammar, 1794; and an English Grammar. Alexander, D. Con. to Annals of Med., vi. p. 303, 1801. Alexander, D., M.D. Treatise on Croup, Hudd., 1794. Alexander, D. T. A Call to the Jews, Lon. Alexander De Hales, d. 1245, a celebrated English theologiah, was called by his contemporaries the Irrefragable Doctor and the Fountain of Life. So highly was he esteemed by Pope Innocent that he ordered him to compile the Summa Theologica. He also wrote some commentaries on the Scriptures. The comments. were printed at Venice, 1496, 1575; Leipsic, 1594; Cologne, 1621. The Summa, at Venice, 1475, '96, 1576; Nuremb., 1481-82; Paris, 1489; Basel, 1502, &c. Alexander, E. Con. to Med. Com., xv. p. 373, 1790. Alexander Essebiensis, an English poet and theologian, flourished about 1220. He wrote a Chronicle of England; A Medical Compendium of Bible History; A Life of St. Agnes, &c. See Bale; Tanner's Bibliotheca. Alexander, J. God's Covenant Displayed, Lon., 1684. Alexander, J. Theological works, Lon., 1680, 1727. Alexander, J. Con. to Phil. Trans., 1740. Alexander, J. Dissert. on Quick Lime, Glasg., 1760. Alexander, J. Essays, Lon., 1768. Alexander, J. Con. to Med. Com., iii. p. 186, 1775. Alexander, J. Eau de Luce, &c.; Med. Com., xiv. p. 297, 1789. Alexander, Sir J. E. (Captain.) This celebrated traveller has given us his adventures and observations in fourteen volumes, pub. 1827-38. 1. Travels from India to England, 1825-26, Lon., 1827. "Containing many lively and interesting descriptions, more particularly of scenes in Burmah."-Quar. Rev. 2. An Expedition of Discovery into the Interior of Africa, &c., Lon., 1838. "In this narrative we find Captain Alexander, as hitherto, lively and entertaining."-Lit. Gaz. 3. Life of the Duke of Wellington, 2 vols. 8vo. "It condenses within popular limits the dry military details."London Globe. Alexander, James Waddell, D.D., b. 1804, Louisa county, Va., eldest son of Dr. Archibald Alexander, successively Prof. at Princeton in College and Theol. Sem., Pastor in Charlottesville, Va., Trenton, N. J., and Fifth Ave. Presb. Church, N. York. "He is highly appreciated as an author; and his works have a practical utility which renders them highly popular. 1. Gift to the Afflicted. 2. A Geography of the Bible, Phila., 1830, 12mo, compiled by J. W. and J. A. Alexander. 3. The American Mechanic and Workingman's Companion, N. York and Phila., 2 vols. "We can but touch upon these excellent little volumes; for the variety which they contain forbids all hope of giving a just idea of their contents without numerous extracts. We hope their circulation will widen until better books of the same kind are written. which is allowing them a long lease of public favour."-Lit. World. 4. Thoughts on Family Worship, 12mo. 5. Consolation; or, Discourses to the Suffering Children of God, N. York, 8vo. 6. Memoir of Rev. Archibald Alexander, N. York, 8vo. 7. Plain Words to a Young Communicant, 12mo; also in Welsh. He has written more than thirty juvenile works for the Amer. Sunday-school Union, of which the best-known are: Infant Library, Only Son, Scripture Guide, Frank Harper, Carl The Young Emigrant, &c. 8. The American Sunday-School and its Adjuncts, Phila., 1856: a valuable book to all interested in Sunday-schools. Contributed to Princeton Rev. since its commencement in 1825. 2. Com Alexander, John, 1736-1765, an Irish Unitarian minister. 1. A Paraphrase upon the 15th Chapter 1 Corinth.: see Monthly Rev., O. S., vol. xxxiv. 443-451. mentary on the 6th, 7th, and 8th Chapters of Romans; and a Serm. on Eccles. ix. 10, composed the day preceding his death, Lon., 1766. (it will perhaps surprise the reader,) is founded on the 15th chapter of the 1st Epistle to the Corinthians. None of these important truths, however, could Mr. Alexander find here."-ORME 5. Alexander, John Henry, b. 1812, at Annapolis, Md. 1. Treatise on Mathematical Instruments used in Surveying, Levelling, and Astronomy, by F. W. Simms; edited, with Copious Additions, Balt., 1835, 8vo; 1839, 8vo; 1848, 8vo. 2. Treat. on Levelling, by F. W. Simms; with large Additions, Balt., 1838, Svo. 3. Contrib. to a History of the Metallurgy of Iron: Pt. 1, Balt., 1840, 8vo, pp. xxiv., 264, plates. 4. Contributions, &c.: Pt. 2, Balt., 1842, 8vo. Introïts; or, Ante-Communion Psalms for the Sundays and Holy-Days throughout the Year, Phila., 1844, 12mo. 6. Report on Standards of Weights and Measures for the State of Maryland, 1846, 8vo, pp. iv., 213. 7. Universal Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern, Balt., 1850, r. 8vo, pp. viii., 158. 8. Catena Dominica, Phila., 12mo. 9 Reports on the New Map of Maryland; annual from 1838 to 1840,-Annapolis Public Printer. Various papers, to be found in the scientific journals of America, England, Fran28, and Germany. Alexander, Joseph Addison, D.D., b. 1809, Phila delphia, third son of Dr. Archibald Alexander, (q. v.,) grad. at Coll. of N.J., Princeton, 1826; was appointed Adjunct Prof. of Ancient Languages and Literature in his alma mater, 1830, which office he resigned in 1833; elected Prof. of Biblical Criticism and Ecclesiastical History 1838, and in 1852 he was transferred to the Chair of Biblical and Ecclesiastical History. 1. The Earlier Prophecies of Isaiah, N. York, 1846, 8vo. 2. The Later Prophecies of Isaiah, N. York, 1847, 8vo. The two reprinted in 1 vol., 968 pp., by Collins, of Glasgow, with an Introduction by the Rev. John Eadie, LL.D., Prof. of Biblical Literature to the United Presbyterian Church. "Truly such a theologian as Professor Alexander is a credit to his country and a blessing to the age. His introduction alone to his commentary on Isaiah is a contribution of surpassing value. It evinces a vast range of acquaintance with the early and modern schools of interpretation."-Evangelical Mag. "We reckon it among the best commentaries on Isaiah of any age or language."-DR. EADIE. 3. The Psalms Translated and Explained, 3 vols. 12mo, N. York, 1850. Of this work 10,000 volumes were sold in less than four years. "Dr. Alexander's recently-published work on the Psalms is well known in the literary world. It is a splendid exegetical work, and places its author at once in the highest rank of this department of literature."-Knickerbocker. 4. Isaiah Translated and Explained, [An abridgment of Nos. 1 and 2,] 2 vols. 12mo, N. York, 1851. 5. Essays on the Primitive Church Offices, [reprinted from the Princeton Review,] N. York, 1851. Dr. A., in connexion with Dr. Hodge, is preparing a Commentary on the New Testament, several vols. of which have been published. Alexander, L. Jewish Poor in London, &c., 1802. the thirteenth century. See Tanner for a list of his works. Alexander Le Partiger, an English ecclesiastic of Alexander Neckam. See NF.CKAM. Alexander, Stephen, LL.D., b. 1806, at Schenectady, N.Y., grad. at Union Coll. 1824, and matriculated at the Theol. Sem. at Princeton, 1832; was elected Adjunct Prof. of Mathematics in the same institution, 1834, which position he filled until 1840, when the Professorship of Astronomy was created and assigned to him. In 1845, he succeeded to the Chair of Mathematics, which he exchanged, in 1854, for the Professorship of Mechanics and Astronomy. He occupies a deservedly high position as an astronomer. Among his papers which attracted the most attention is one on the Physical Phenomena attendant upon Solar Eclipses, read before the Amer. Phil. Soc. at their centennary meeting, 1843, and pub. in their proceedings. Fundamental Principles of Mathematics, in Amer. Jour. Sci., 1849. On the Origin of the Forms and the Present Condition of some of the Clusters of Stars and several of the Nebula, pub. Amer. Ast. Jour. This valuable paper has attracted the notice of the leading astronomers of the world. He has contributed other important papers to many of the principal scientific journals. See Appleton's New Amer. Cyc. Alexander, Thomas S. Practice of the Court of Chancery and County Courts as Courts of Equity, in Maryland. Balt., 8vo, 1839. Alexander, W. L. 1. The Connection and Harmony "This work contains a few good critical remarks; but the theo-spondence of Dr. Wardlaw; 2d ed., p. 8vo. Alexander, Wm. Medulla Historia Scotia, &c. the embassy to China, afterwards in the print-department "We are rather inclined to think that Mr. Alexander has altogether mistaken his vocation. A scholarly appreciation of what is beautiful in literature, with earnest religious feelings, is not enough to make a poet."-Literary World. Alexander, Wm., M.D. Short Survey of the Lineal Descent of the Sov. Princes of Europe, Edinburgh, 1703. Alexander, Wm., M.D. Medical works, &c., Edin. and Lond., 1767-79. Alfred the Great, 848-901, the youngest child of Ethelwolf and Osburgha, was born in the royal manor of Wantage in Berkshire, where the kings of the West-Saxons had a palace, supposed to have been built on the site of a Roman station. History has preserved several anecdotes of the childhood and youth of this great prince. He was distinguished above all his brothers by his beauty, graceful manners, and early display of talent, and was on that account the favourite of his parents. Alfred's efforts for the restoration of literature in England were great, and to a certain degree successful. The following works were either written by him or have been attributed to him: 1. In order to make his subjects more generally acquainted with ancient history, Alfred translated into English the historical work of Orosius. A manuscript of this translation is in the Cottonian Library, Tiberius, B. 1, from which it was printed by Daines Barrington. Another copy is now, with the other manuscripts belonging to the Lauderdale Library, in the possession of Lady Dysart. 2. The Anglo-Saxon version of Bede's History of the Anglo-Saxon Church has also been generally attributed to Alfred. Manuscripts of this work are in the Public Li Christi College, Cambridge, No. 41, the latter of which belonged to Leofric, Bishop of Exeter. The other manu script (MS. Cotton. Otho, B. xi.) was destroyed by the fire in the Cottonian Library. This book also has been printed. Alexander, Wm., Earl of Stirling, 1580-1640, xmmenced to be an author at the early age of fourteen. He was born at Menstrie, Scotland, and was a descendant of the family of Macdonald. James I. and Charles I. were both much attached to him. The first gave him a grant of Nova Scotia in 1621, which charter has since been the cause of considerable discussion. In his Aurora he pre-brary of the University of Cambridge, and in Corpus sented the public with more than a hundred sonnets, songs, and elegies, as a poetical display of an ill-requited passion, which distance from the object of his attachment could not remove. "He was greatly superior to the style of his age."-HORACE WALPOLE. PINKERTON. "The Parænesis of Sir William Alexander is a noble poem."After perusing our author's poems, Addison remarked that "The beauties in our ancient English poets are too slightly passed over by modern writers, who, out of a peculiar singularity, had rather take pains to find fault than endeavour to excel." Among his other works are four tragedies in alternate rhyme, denominated Monarchicke, viz.: Darius, published 1603; Croesus, 1604; The Alexandrian Tragedy, and Julius Cæsar, 1607. "These pieces are not calculated for the stage; but include some admirable lessons for sovereign power, and several choruses written with no small share of poetic vigour."—DR. DRAKE. "My philosophical poet."-JAMES I. "His Parænesis and Aurora are almost classical performances, and well merit republication."-Dr. Anderson. "John Dunbar, Arthur Johnston, and Andrew Ramsay, have lauded the Earl of Stirling in their Latin poetry. Daniel has complimented him before the edition of his Philotas in 1605; Davies of Hereford has done the same in his Scourge of Folly and Wit's Bedlam; Hayman addressed two plaudits to him in his Quodlibe's; Habington commended his Tragick Raptures and Doomes-Day in Castara; Drayton gave him affectionate praise in his epistle to Henry Reynolds, Esq.-Park's Walpole's R. & N. Authors. 3. Alfred translated for the more especial use of his clergy the Pastorale of Pope Gregory, and is said to have sent a copy of it to each of his bishops, whose names were severally inserted in the translator's preface. Three of the original copies thus sent are still preserved, addressed to Wulfsige, Bishop of Sherborne, (in the Public Library, Cambridge,) to Wærferth, Bishop of Worcester, (in the Bodleian Library, MS. Hatton, No. 88,) and to Plegmund of Canterbury, (MS. Cotton. Tiberius, B. xi.) The latter is very much injured by the fire. The Cambridge MS., which had been preserved in the cathedral of Wells, and was sent by Bishop Jewel to Archbishop Par. ker, is as clean and fresh in appearance as when it came from the hands of Alfred's scribe, and is a noble specimen of Anglo-Saxon writing. The Cottonian MS. Otho, B. ii., now destroyed by the fire, contained a copy from the one sent by the king to Hehstan, Bishop of London, appa rently of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century. There is also a somewhat later transcript of Wulfsige's copy of the Pastorale in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, and another manuscript of the book in the library of Corpus Christi College, No. 12. This work has not been printed. The Dialogues of Pope Gregory were translated by Wærferth, Bishop of Worcester, under Al Aleyn, Charles, died about 1640, was a poet of considerable reputation. 1. The Battle of Cressey and Poic-fred's direction. tiers, 1632. 2. The History of Henry VII., &c., 1638. 3. The History of Euriolus and Lucretia, 1639, translated from Eneas Sylvius. Dr. Thomas Wykes says he had read over the "Historie of Henrie," and "judges it worthy of being made public." "For I was certain that this book by thee Was dedicated to eternity." Aleyn, J. Reports Select Cases in Banco Regis, 1681-88. Alford, Rev. Henry, B.D., b. 1810, London, Vicar of Wymeswold, Leicestershire, grad. at Trinity Coll., Cambridge. Poems and Poetical Fragments, Camb., 1831. The School of the Heart, and other Poems, 2 vols., 1835. Abbot of Muchelnaye, and other Poems, 12mo. Chapters on the Poets of Ancient Greece, 8vo, 1841. The Consistency of the Divine Conduct in Revealing the Doctrines of Redemption: being the Hulsean Lectures for 1841. To which are added two Sermons preached before the University of Cambridge, Camb., 1842. Part the Second, 1843. Psalms and Hymns adapted to the Sundays and Holydays throughout the Year, to which are added some occasional hymns, Lon., 1844. Poetical Works, 2 vols. 12mo. Select Poetical Works, 12mo; Bost., 1853, 12mo, pp. 424. Serms., Svo. Serms. at Quebec Chapel, 2 vols. 8vo. Village Serms., 12mo. Greek Testament, with Notes, &c.: vol. i., 1844: vol. ii., 1852; vols. hii. and iv., 1856, '57. See Memoirs by his son, 8vo, 1855. Alford, J., Trans. of a work upon the Lute, Lon., 1568. Alford, Joseph. The Church Triumphant, Lon., 1649. Alford, or Griffith, Michael, 1587-1652, born at London. Britannia Illustrata, 1611. Fides Regia Britannica, sive Annales Ecclesia Britannica, &c., 1663. "A work of no very ordinary occurrence, and, at the same time, of very considerable utility; as treating fully of the church his tory of this country from the earliest period to the reign of Henry UL."--DIBDIN 4. Another work of the king's, which is still preserved, is a select translation of the Soliloquies of St. Augustine. A copy of it is in MS. Cotton. Vitellius, A. xv., but it has not been printed. 5. One of the most interesting of Alfred's translations is that of the treatise of Boethius De Consolatione Philosophiæ, a work exceedingly popular during the Middle Ages. It is more freely translated than his other books, and exhibits, more than any of them, the philosophical turn of Alfred's mind. The original is said to have been glossed for the king by Asser, to render it more easily intelligible. A manuscript of this work, written in the common hand of the 10th century, Otho, A. vi., has been so much injured by fire that it consists only of a few ragged leaves. A transcript of it is preserved among the manuscripts of Junius in the Bodleian Library. Another, written towards the beginning of the 12th century, is in the Bodleian Library. It has been twice printed. 6. Alfred's Manual, or Hand-book, (as he called it,) existed in the time of William of Malmsbury. Asser says that it was about the size of a Psalter, and that Alfred entered in it prayers and psalms, and his daily observations, and that he always carried it about with him. It appears, from William of Malmsbury, that it also contained historical anecdotes and miscellaneous entries. 7. William of Malmsbury informs us that the king, at the time of his death, had commenced an Anglo-Saxon version of the Psalms, which he left unfinished; some have pretended that Alfred translated other parts of the Bible. include among them what they call Alfred's Proverbs. 8. Most writers who have given lists of Alfred's works This work, which has been recently printed, is preserved in two manuscripts, in MS. Trin. Coll., Cambridge, B. xiv. |