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Dr Harwood's care was bestowed upon the revision of the Svc edition, of which the 15th edition was pub. about 1759. Mr. Bailey published several other educational works; and a Dictionarium Domesticum in 1736.

Bailey, Peter, d. 1823, editor of The Museum, (London,) pub. Sketches from St. George's Fields, by Giorgione di Castel Chiuso. A volume containing some of his epic poetry, entitled Idwal, was printed, but not published. It was founded on the events connected with the conquest of Wales. A Greek Poem of Mr. B.'s was pub. in the Classical Journal. His last publication was an anonymous poem in the Spenser measure, called A Queen's Appeal.

Bailey, Philip James, b. 1816, a member of the Bar, son of the proprietor of the Nottingham Mercury, is the author of Festus, The Angel World, 1850, and Mystic, 1855. Few poems upon their first appearance have excited so much attention as Festus :

"It is an extraordinary production, out-Heroding Kant in some of its philosophy, and out-Goëthing Goethe, in the introduction of the three persons of the Trinity as interlocutors in its wild plot. Most objectionable as it is on this account, it yet contains so many exquisite passages of genuine poetry, that our admiration of the author's genius overpowers the feeling of mortification at its being misapplied, and meddling with such dangerous topics."-London Literary Gazette, 1839.

Mr. Bailey was but about twenty years of age when Festus was finished. It was published in 1839. His youth has probably mitigated the censure to which it is thought Festus is liable for grave errors both of style and sentiment. The second edition, published three years after the first, was much enlarged, and in later editions it has been still further augmented to about three times its original length. "Every line has undergone the refining crucible of the author's brain, and has been modified by the greater maturity of his mind." A late critic, an exquisite poet himself, thus speaks of Mr. Bailey:

"As a poet in actual achievement, I can have no hesitation in placing him far above either Browning or Stirling. His Festus is in many respects a very remarkable production-remarkable alike for its poetic power, and its utter neglect of all the requirements of poetic art.... Yet with all these excesses and defects, we are made to feel that Festus is the work of a poet.... In The Angel World, we have the youthful poet more sobered down; and the consequent result has been one not exactly to be wished-its beauties and its defects are each alike less prominent."-Moir's Port. Lit. of the Past Half-Century.

The Age: Politics, Poetry, and Criticism. A Colloquial Satire, 8vo, 1858.

Bailey, Rufus William, b. 1793, at Yarmouth, Maine, graduated at Dartmouth College, 1813. 1. Family Preacher; a vol. of Sermons. 2. Mother's Request. 3. The Issue; being Letters on Slavery. 4. Manual of Grammar. Bailey, Samuel, b. 1787, at Sheffield, Eng., author of a number of works on Politics, Political Economy, &c. Essays on the Formation of Opinions, &c. This work, by no means unobjectionable in its tendency, displays considerable ability. Any writer might be proud of the commendation of the distinguished authority whom we shall quote:

"It would be an act of injustice to those readers who are not acquainted with that valuable volume entitled Essays on the Formation of Opinions. not to refer them to it as enforcing that neglected part of morality. To it may be added a masterly article in the Westminster Review, occasioned by the Essays."-SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH: 2d Prel. Diss. to Ercyc. Brit.

Essays on Pursuit of Truth and Progress of Knowledge, 8vo; 2d ed., 1844. Letters on the Philosophy of the Human Mind; 1st Ser., 8vo. Money and its Vicissitudes in Value, 1852, 8vo. Review of Berkeley's Theory of Vision, 1841, 8vo. Theory of Reasoning, 8vo. Discourses on various subjects before Literary Societies, 1852, 8vo.

Bailey, T. List of Bankrupts, Dividends, &c. for 1804. Bailey, Thomas, 1785-1856, father of the author of Festus. Advent of Charity, and other Poems, 12mo. History of Nottinghamshire, 3 vols. r. 8vo. Records of Longevity, pub. just before his death.

Bailey, Walter, M.D. See BALEY. Bailey, Wm. Advancement of Arts, &c., Lon., 1772-79. A Treatise respecting the Poor in Work-Houses, Lon., 1758. This vol. was pub. by Alex. Mabyn Bailey.

Bailie, J. K. Fasciculus Inscriptionum Græcarum, Lon., 2 vols. sm. 4to, 1844-46.

Baillie, Capt. A Solemn Appeal to the Public, 1779. Baillie, Alex. A work on Scottish Calvinism, 1628. Baillie, Geo. On the Bankrupt Laws, 1809. Baillie, Hugh. A Letter to Dr. Shebbeare, 1775. Baillie, Joanna, 1764-1851, one of the most distinguished writers in an age prolific in good authors, was born in a

"Scottish Manse, in the upper dale of the Clyde, which has, for mild character and lavish production of fruit, been termed -uit Land.'... One of the finest specimens of the fruit of this

luxuriant dale is Joanna Baillie, a name never pronounced by Scot or Briton of any part of the empire but with the veneration due to the truest genius, and the affection which is the birthright of the truest specimens of womanhood."-Howitt's Homes of the Ports. Miss Baillie for the principal part of her life was a resi dent of Hampstead, near London, where she died, Feb. 23, 1851. She always lived in retirement, and for some years before her death in strict seclusion. While she received visitors, it is stated that nearly all the great writers of the age had, at one time or another, been among her guests. Scott spent many pleasant hours with her, and on her visit to Scotland in 1806 she spent some weeks in his house at Edinburgh. Her last visit to Scott and to Scotland was in 1820. See Life of Scott.

Their father was a Scottish clergyman; their mother, a sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter; and Matthew Baillie, M.D., another distinguished physician, was brother to Joanna and Agnes. Miss Baillie's carliest poetical works appeared anonymously; her first dramatic efforts were published in 1798, under the title of A Series of Plays, in which it is attempted to delineate the stronger passions of the mind; each passion being the subject of a tragedy and a comedy. A second edition was demanded in a few months; in 1802, and in 1812 a third volume ap peared. In 1804 she published a volume of Miscellaneous Dramas; and in 1810 The Family Legend, a tragedy, made its appearance. This drama, founded on a Highland tradition, was brought out with success at the Edinburgh theatre, under the auspices of Sir Walter Scott.

Jan'y 30, 1810. My Dear Miss Baillie,-You have only to imagine all that you could wish to give success to a play, and your umph of the Family Legend. . . . Every thing that pretended to conceptions will still fall short of the complete and decided tri distinction, whether from rank or literature, was in the boxes and in the pit such an aggregate mass of humanity as I have seldom, if ever, witnessed in the same place."-Scott to Miss Baillie, "Miss Baillie's play went off capitally here. . . . We wept till our hearts were sore, and applauded till our hands were blistered: what could we more?"-Scott to Mr. Morritt,

It was played 14 nights, and in 1814 was acted in London. In 1836 our authoress published three more volumes of Plays. Thus an interval of 38 years had occurred between the first and the last publication of her dramas. In 1823 the Poetic Miscellanies appeared, containing Scott's dramatic sketch of Macduff's Cross, some of Mrs. Heman's poetry, and Miss Catherine Fanshaw's jeux d'esprit. A few months before her death, Miss Baillie completed an entire edition of her dramatic works. Martyr had been published separately. She also pub lished Metrical Legends of Exalted Characters; and A View of the general Tenor of the New Testament regarding the Nature and Dignity of Jesus Christ.

The

Although so advanced in years, Miss Baillie retained the complete possession of her faculties until the last. Lord Jeffrey writes:

"April 28, 1840. I forgot to tell you that we have been twice out to Hampstead to hunt out Joanna Baillie, and found her the

other day as fresh, natural, and amiable as ever; and as little like a Tragic Muse. Since old Mrs. Brougham's death, I do not know so nice an old woman."

Again, January 7, 1842, he writes:

"We went to Hampstead, and paid a very pleasant visit to Jo anna Baillie, who is marvellous in health and spirits, and youth ful freshness and simplicity of feeling, and not a bit deaf, blind, or torpid."

The literary stranger from a distant land sought an in troduction to her whose writings had been "household words" since childhood; and who, secluded from the busy world, considered herself a mother to the poor, and was by them esteemed the "Lady Bountiful" of the neighbourhood.

"I am glad that Mrs. Ellis and you have derived any amusement from the House of Aspen. But the Plays of the Pas sions have put me entirely out of conceit with my Germanized brat; and should I ever again attempt dramatic composition. I would endeavour after the genuine old English model."-Scott to George Ellis. Esq.

In a letter to Miss Baillie, dated 1810, Scott remarks: "You say nothing about the drama on Fear, for which you have chosen so admirable a subject, and which, I think, will be in your own most powerful manner. I hope you will have an eye to its being actually represented. Perhaps of all passions it is the most universally interesting."

We find the tragedy of Fear again referred to, after ite publication in the volume issued in 1812:

"It is too little to say I am enchanted with the said thiru volume. especially with the two first plays, which in every point not only sustain, but even exalt, your reputation as a dramatist. The whole character of Orra is exquisitely supported, as well as imagined. and the language distinguished by a rich variety of fancy, which I know no instance of excepting in Shakspeare."

"If Joanna Baillie had known the stage practically, she would never have attached the importance she does to the development of single passions in single tragedies; and she would have inyented more stirring incidents to justify the passion of her cha

racters, and to give them that air of fatality which, though peenliarly predominant in the Greek drama, will also be found, to a certain extent, in all successful tragedies. Instead of this. she tries to make all the passions of her main characters proceed from the wilful natures of the beings themselves. Their feelings are not precipitated by circumstances, like a stream down a declivity, that leaps from rock to rock; but, for want of incident, they seem often like water on a level, without a propelling impulse."-CAMP BELL: Life of Mrs. Siddons.

We appeal to the reader whether this criticism is not, in fact, just the highest compliment which could have been paid to Miss Baillie's management of her characters. Mr. Campbell's censure really amounts to this: Miss Baillie prefers the exhibition of human nature to catering for stage effect and slavishly following an unnatural code and a heathen morality. Her object was not so much to "take the house by storm," as to take the heart by truth. "That air of fatality," the absence of which Mr. Campbell deplores, is the very error to be eschewed by the Christian teacher, whose duty it is to illustrate the truth that man, as a free agent, will secure happiness by the practice of virtue, and reap misery as the fruit of vice. Love, Hatred, Fear, Religion, Jealousy, Revenge, and Remorse, may each be made to enforce the truth that "the way of the transgressor is hard," or to impress the mind with the abiding conviction that Wisdom's ways are "ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." What does Miss Baillie set forth as her own canon?

"Let one simple trait of the human heart, one expression of passion, genuine and true to nature, be introduced, and it will stand forth alone in the boldness of reality, whilst the false and unnatural around it fades away on every side, like the rising ex

halation of the morning."-Preparatory Discourse to first vol. of "Joanna Baillie, as the author of Count Basil and De Montfort,

Dramas, 1798.

is entitled to a much higher place among dramatists than the author of Metrical Legends is among mere poets. With much imaginative energy, much observant thought, and great freedom and force of delineation, together with a fine feeling of nature, and an occasional Massingerian softness of diction, it may be claimed for Joanna Baillie that she uniformly keeps apart from the trite and common-place; yet we cannot help feeling a deficiency of art, and tact, and taste, alike in the management of her themes and the structure of her verse.”—Moir's Poet. Lit. of Past Half-Century.

Baillie, John. A Letter to Dr. —, in answer to a Tract in the Biblio. Anc. et Mod. Rel. to Freind's Hist. Phys., 1727.

Baillie, John, Prof. of Arabic, etc. in the New College, Fort William, Bengal. Sixty Tables elucidatory of the 1st part of a Course of Lectures on the Grammar of the Arabic language, Calcutta, 1801, folio.

Five Books upon Grammar, together with the principles of Inflection in the Arabic language; collected from ancient MSS., Calcutta, 1802-03, 2 vols. 4to.

"Of all the publications on this department of Literature, these are the most useful and important."-DR. ADAM CLARKE,

Digest of Mohammedan Law, according to the Tenets of the twelve Imans, compiled under the Superintendence of Sir Wm. Jones, Calcutta, 1805, 4 vols. £10 108.

"A highly valuable work."-LOWNDES. Baillie, Marianne. First Impressions on a Tour upon the Continent, in the summer of 1818, through France, Italy, Switzerland, the Borders of Germany, and a part of French Flanders, Lon., 1819.

"Without being a striking, it is, at least, a superior sort of itineracy. The style is easy, without being very pure, and the whole fashion of the performance is that of a gentlewomanlike sort, without those high literary pretensions which sometimes make, and sometimes mar, tourists and writers of other descriptions."-London Literary Gazette.

Lisbon: Manners and Customs of Portugal, 1821-2-3, Lon., 1825.

"These pleasing little volumes, full of feminine vivacity in their descriptions, put it in our power to diversify the graver character of our Reviews with an entertaining selection of Portuguese anecdotes and delineations. A residence of two years and a half in the country, afforded sufficient opportunity for studying the people and observing their manners, and her pictures are most piquant and original."-London Literary Gazette.

"This is a very agreeable book, and a very faithful one, for we are well acquainted with the places which it describes, and can vouch for its fidelity.”—Quarterly Review.

Baillie, Matthew, M.D., 1761-1823, a very distinguished physician, was the son of the Rev. James Baillie, D.D., and Dorothea, sister of the celebrated William and John Hunter: his sister, Joanna Baillie, became as eminent in the walks of literature as her brother in the graver pursuits of medical science. In 1779 he was admitted of Baliol College, Oxf., where he took his degree of physic m 1789. He enjoyed the great advantage of studying under his uncle, William Hunter. Upon the death of the latter, in 1783, he succeeded to the Lectures with Mr. Cruikshank, and gained great popularity by the clearness of his demonstrations, and his power of simplifying abstruse

subjects. Although not successful for some time in obtaining much practice, his merits gradually, but surely, forced his way, until his fees were known to amount in one year to £10,000. His quickness of perception in ascertaining the localities of disease made him in great request as a consulting physician. In 1810 he was made physician to Geo. III., and a baronetcy was offered to him, but he declined the honour.

"No one in his day could compete with him in anatomical knowledge, or in an acquaintance with morbid anatomy, or pathology, which of late years has been so successfully cultivated, and which must in a degree be attributed to the example and renown of Baillie."-Rose's Biog. Dict.

He was an extensive contributor to various learned Transactions. See Phil. Trans., 1788-89; Trans. Med. et Chir., 1793-1800; Med. Trans., 1813-15. Dr. Baillie pub. in 1793, The Morbid Anatomy of some of the most Important Parts of the Human Body.

"This work, like every thing he did, was modest and unpretending, but it was not on that account the less valued. A perfect knowledge of his subject, acquired in the midst of the fullest opportunities, enabled him to compress into a small volume more accurate and more useful information than will be found in the works of Bonetus, Morgagni, and Lieutaud. This work consisted at first of a plain statement of facts, the description of the appearances presented on dissection, or what could be preserved and ex hibited; and he afterwards added the narration of symptoms cor responding with the morbid appearances. This was an attempt of greater difficulty, which will require the experience of successive lives to perfect."-SIR CHARLES BELL.

The Appendix was pub. in 1798; the 2d edition, corrected and greatly enlarged, in 1797; since which there have been many editions. Two years later he pub. A Series of Engravings, tending to illustrate the Morbid Anatomy of some of the most Important Parts of the Human Body, Fascic. LX., Lon., 1799-1802. Royal 4to, 2d edition, 1812.

"His next work was the Illustration of Morbid Anatomy, by a series of splendid engravings; creditable at once to his own taste and liberality, and to the state of the arts in this country. He thus laid a solid foundation for pathology, and did for his profession what no physician had done before his time."-SIR CHARLES BELL. Sir Walter Scott was tenderly attached to Doctor Baillie and his sister Joanna; on the death of the Doctor, he wrote a most eloquent letter to the poetess, which see in Lockhart's Life of Scott.

"We have, indeed, to mourn such a man as, since medicine was first esteemed a useful and honoured science, has rarely occurred to grace its annals, and who will be lamented as long as any one lives who has experienced the advantage of his professional skill, and the affectionate kindness by which it was accompanied."

"We cannot estimate too highly the influence of Dr. Baillie's character on the profession to which he belonged. I ought not, perhaps, to mention his mild virtues and domestic charities; yet the recollection of these must give a deeper tone to our regret, and will be interwoven with his public character, embellishing what seemed to want no addition."-From Sir Charles Bell's éloge on Dr Baillie.

Baillie, Robert, 1597-1662, a Presbyterian divine of considerable note, and Principal of the University of Glasgow, published a number of learned works, 1633-47, and several were pub. after his death. The best-known of the latter is his Letters and Journals, containing an Impartial Account of Public Transactions, Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Military, in England and Scotland, from 1637 to 1662: with an Account of the Author's Life, and Glossary. This work, the best edition of which was put forth by Mr. Laing in 1841-43, in 3 vols. royal 8yo, was first given to the public in 1775, at the recommendation of Dr. Robertson and David Hume; it contains much valuable information respecting the Civil Wars, and the Proceedings of the Westminster Assembly. His Opus Historicum et Chronologicum, Amst., 1663, is a learned work.

"The author endeavours to give a succinct and connected ac count of sacred and profane history, from the Creation to the Age of Constantine. He divides the Old Testament into seven epochas, and the New Testament into a number more. At the end of the sections, or epochas, he discusses a variety of chronological questions, in which he discovers his learning and acuteness."-ORME

Bailly, James. Sermons on Hosea ii. 19, Lon., 1697. Bailly, J. S. Letters on the Atlantis of Plato, and Ancient History of Asia, &c., Lon., 1801, vols. 8vo. Baily, Caleb. Life of Jesus, collected in the words of the English Version of the New Testament, Lon., 1726.

Baily, Francis, 1774-1844, of the Stock Exchange, was the founder of the Astronomical Society and the principal contributor to its Memoirs. 1. Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases, 1802-07-12, 8vo. 2. Doctrine of Interest and Annuities, 1808, 4to. 3. Doctrine of Life Annuities and Assurances, 1810, 8vo. 4. Account of several Life-Assurance Companies, 1810-11, 8vo. 5. Life of Flamsteed: see FLAMSTEED.

Baily, John, 1643-1697, a native of Lancashire, England, emigrated to New England in 1684, and was ordained minister of Watertown in 1686. In 1692 he re

moved to Boston, where he resided until his death. He pub. an A idress to the people of Limerick, and a Sermon preached at Watertown in 1689. His brother Thomas wrote some Latin odes at Lindsay in 1668, which are in MS. in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society.

Bailzie, or Baillie, Wm., M.D., a Scottish physician of the 15th century, was a defender of the Galenic system, in preference to the Empiric. He wrote Apologia pro Galeni doctrina contra Empiricos, Lyons, 1552. Mackenzie ascribes to him, De Quantitate Syllabarum Græcarum et de Dialectis; pub. in 1600.

Bain, or Bairn. Faith's Reply, &c. Death of Col. Velly, 1805-06.

Bain, Wm., R.N. Variation of the Compass, 1817. Bainbridge, C. G. The Fly Fisher's Guide; illus. trated by Coloured Plates, representing upwards of forty of the most useful Flies, accurately copied from Nature, Liverp., 1816, 8vo, 158. 12 copies coloured with great care, Lot intended for sale, 4to, £2 28.

Bainbridge, John, 1582-1643, an eminent physician and astronomer, a student of Emanuel Coll., Cambridge. In 1619 Sir Henry Savile appointed him his first Professor of Astronomy at Oxford. He pub. An Astronomical Description of the late Comet, Nov. 18, 1618, to 16th Dec., Lon., 1619. Procli sphæra de Hypothesibus Planetarum Ptolemæi, Lon., 1620. Canicularia, Oxf., 1648. "He left all his papers to Archbishop Usher. They are now in the library of Trinity Coll., Dublin. Among them are several unpublished works: 1. A Theory of the Sun. 2. A Theory of the Moon. 3. Discourse concerning the period of the year. 4. Two Books of Astronomical Calculations. 5. Miss. Papers on Math. and Astron. A large collection of his scientific correspondence, with drafts of his own letters, are also preserved in the same library; including some from Edward Wright, one of the most celebrated astronomers of his day, and, we believe, the only memorials of him that are now extant." See Smith's Vita Erudit.; Biog. Brit.; Athen. Oxon.; Rose's Biog. Dict.

Bainbridge, Wm. A Practical Treatise on the Law of Mines and Minerals, Lon., 1841.

"The author, a resident in the mining district, has the honour of first producing a regular legal treatise upon the law of mines. The work is ably written, and deserves to be more generally known in this country, [America,] where the enterprise of the people has already opened so many sources of mineral wealth."-Marvin's Legal Bibl.

Baine, Bernard. Con. to Med. Obs. & Inq., 1762. Baine, Duncan. Con. to Ed. Med. Ess. 1736. Baine,James. Sermon,1758. Discourses, Edin., 1778. Baine, Paul. Mirror of God's Love. A Ser., Lon.,1619. Baines, Edward, 1774-1848, b. at Ripon, Yorkshire. History of the Wars of the French Revolution, 1814, continued under the title of a History of the Reign of George the Third. History, Directory, and Gazetteer of the County of York, 1822, '23. A similar work for the county of Lancaster, 1824, '25. Enlarged as a History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster, 1836. See Life by his son, E. B., 1851. In 1801, he purchased the copyright of the Leeds Mercury, which he pub. until his death.

Baines, Edward, b. 1800, son of the preceding. History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1835, 8vo. He became a partner in the Leeds Mercury in 1827, which he has continued to conduct since his father's death.

Baines, John, 1786?-1835, a mathematician of note, who contributed largely to the mathematical periodicals of the day. See the name in Rose's Biog. Dict., where will be found an interesting paper upon the subject of mathematical studies in England during the last century. Baines, John. Danger to the Faith, [on the Papal Aggression,] Lon., 1850.

Baines, John, or Edward. Essay on Fate, 1806. Wars of the French Revolution, 1816-18.

Baines, Thomas, b. 1802, son of Edward Baines, for many years editor of the Liverpool Times. History of the Commerce of the Town of Liverpool, 1852, Lon., r. 8va Scenery and Events in South Africa, Part 1, fol.

Baird, Robert, D.D., b. 1798, in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, has become widely known in America and Europe by his labours for the extension of the Protestant religion. Dr. Baird has published a number of works, some of which have been translated into foreign tongues. A View of the Valley of the Mississippi, Phila., 1832. History of the Temperance Societies: in French, Paris, 1836; translated into German, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and Russian. A View of Religion in America, Glasgow, 1842 translated into French, German, Dutch, and Swed ish. Protestantism in Italy, Boston, 1845. The Christian Retrospect and Register, New York, 1851. See Men of the Time. History of the Waldenses, Albigenses, and Vaudois. Visit to Northern Europe. Besides these and a

few other works, Dr. Baird has been an extensive contributor to periodical literature, and has embodied the results of his observation in foreign countries in popular lectures, which have been frequently delivered in several of the larger cities of the United States. Sketches of Protestantism in Italy, Past and Present; including a Notice of the Origin, History, and Present State of the Waldenses, new edition, much improved, portrait of the Duchess of Ferrara, 12mo.

"A most interesting volume, which has had great success in America. The present edition contains many important additions, collected during the author's third visit to Italy in Dec., 1846, and now first published."

Dr. Baird's sons inherit the literary taste of their father. The Rev. Chas. W. Baird had charge of a Protestant chapel at Rome, and another son has gained distinction by his proficiency in Greek literature.

Baird, Spencer F., b. 1823, at Reading, Penn., Prof. Nat. Sci., Dickinson Coll. Asst. Sec. Smithsonian Inst. The able editor and translator of the Iconographic En cyclopedia, 4 vols. 8vo, 2 vols. plates, 500 steel plates, N. York, 1851. Author of various minor papers on Zoology, and of reports on Natural History collections made by Capt. Stansbury, Capt. Marcy, Lieut. Gilliss, the U.S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, and the Pacific R.R. Survey.

Baird, Thomas. Gen. View of the Agriculture of the county of Middlesex, &c., Lon., 1793, 4to. "The matter is well arranged, and very sensibly expressed. It was the first report of the county of Middlesex, and was followed by those of Foot and Middleton."-Donaldson's Agricult. Biog. land, relative to master and servant, and master and apBaird, Thomas. A Treatise on the laws of Scotprentice, Edin., 1841.

"A learned, elaborate, carefully written, and authoritative trea tise."-Marvin's Legal Bibl.

Bairdy, John. Balm from Gilead, Lon., 1681.
Bairn, John. See BAIN.

Baitman, Geo. The Arrow of the Almighty shot against the Uncalled Ministers of England, Lon. Baker. On Small Pox. Mem. Med., 1792. Baker, Aaron. Sermon, 2 Sam. xv. 31, Lon.. 1678 Baker, Anne. Glossary of Northamptonshire, 2 vols. p. 8vo.

Baker, Arthur. Sermons on Holy Joy, Lon., 1847. Baker, Benj. Franklin, b. 1811, in Massachusetts. Musical Author. Ed. Choral, Timbrel, Haydn, Union Glee-Book, Theory of Harmony, School Chimes, &c. &c. Baker, Charles, superintendent of the Yorkshire Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Doncaster, England. His contributions to the Penny Cyclopedia in 1835 on the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, and to the publications of the Soc. for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, have been published in 1 vol. 8vo.

Baker, D. Poems, Hicathrift; duellum,etc., Lon.,1697. Baker, D. B. Nature and causes of doubt in religious questions. (Anon.,) Lon., 1831. Discourses to a Village Congregation, Lon., 1832.

Baker, Daniel. Relation of some of the cruel sufferings of Kath. Evans, and Sar. Chevers, in the Inquisition at Malta, Lon., 1662.

Baker, Daniel, D.D., Prest. of Austin College, Texas, a Presbyterian minister. Affectionate Address to Mothers, Phila., 18mo. Affectionate Address to Fathers, 18mo. A Plain and Scriptural View of Baptism, 18mo. Revival Sermons, 12mo; 1st and 2d series. The 3d ed. of the First Series was pub. in 1855.

Baker, David, or Father Augustin, 1575-1641, made collections for ecclesiastical history, which are supposed to be lost. Reyner's Apostolatus Benedictorum in Anglia is said to be chiefly derived from Baker's MSS. Hugh Cressy's Church History owes much to the labours of Baker. Cressy pub. at Doway, 1657, Sancta Sophia, or Directions for the Prayer of Contemplation, extracted out of the treatises written by F. Aug. Baker.

Baker, David Erskine, d. 1767? was the first compiler of the Biographia Dramatica, which appeared in 2 vols., 1764. It was continued to 1782 by Isaac Reed, and brought down to the end of November, 1811, by Stephen Jones. The whole work is comprised in three volumes, bound in four, Lon., 1812. He was also the author of some fugitive poetry, of The Muse of Ossian, Edin., 1763, and of some papers in the Phil. Trans., 1747-54. He was a grandson of the celebrated Daniel Defoe. For a severe critique, by Octavius Gilchrist, on the enlarged edition of the Biographia Dramatica, see the Quarterly Review, vii. 283-93: this was answered by Jones in a pamphlet enti tled Hypercriticism Exposed, 1812.

Baker, Ezekiel. A work on Rifle Guns, Lon., 1805. Baker, Geoffrey, a monk of Oseney, trans. into Latin, in 1347, Thomas De La More's French History of the reigns of Edward I. and Edward II. Camden pubashed his chronicle.-TANNER.

Baker, George, d. 1599? surgeon in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth, pub. a number of professional works, 1574-79, and trans. into English, from the French, the Apologie and Voyages of Ambrose Paré.

Baker, George, Archdeacon of Totness, and father of Sir deo. Baker, the distinguished physician. The Respect due to a Church of God, 1 Cor. xi. 22, 1733.

Baker, George. Trans. The History of Rome, by Titus Livius, Lon., 1797. The Unitarian Refuted, 1818. Baker, George. Navy of England, and other Poems, 1807, &c.

Baker, George. History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire, 2 vols. in 4 parts. Imp. folio, 1822-36, large paper, pub. at £25 48.; small paper at £12 128.

One of the most valuable topographical works ever published, displaying the most minute research and industry."-LoWNDES: Notice of Farts I. and II.

Part IV., being the first of vol. ii., was pub. in 1836. This portion comprises the whole of the two Hundreds of Norton and Cleley, the former containing nine parishes, and the latter thirteen. It also contains a variety of other interesting and valuable matter. Part V. was published in 1841. This is but a fragment, a third of one of the usual numbers; yet embracing the entire history of the Hundred of Towcester.

"The History of Northamptonshire has not been exempt from the usual difficulties appertaining to works of a topographical nature, yet, under all hinderances, it has gradually, though slowly, progressed, whilst each successive portion has been as ably produced; and each has been made as singularly valuable as the preeeding ones, for its manorial history, for the accurate fulness of its pedigrees, [in which matter Mr. Baker had to contend with great difficulties,] and for the comprehensive account of the respectIve parishes or hamlets that were brought under review."-Lon. Gent. Mag., 1841.

See this periodical for an interesting account of the discouragements under which Mr. Baker found himself placed. At the time of the publication of Part V. he had suffered a loss of no less than 220 subscribers since he first issued his prospectus. The arduous labours of such able and indefatigable topographers should be encouraged by hearty co-operation and a spirit of prompt liberality. Baker, Sir George, Bart., M.D., 1722-1809, was the son of the Rev. George Baker, archdeacon and registrar of Totness. He was entered at King's College, Cambridge, in 1742, and took the degree of M.D. in 1756. He was honoured by the appointment of physician in ordinary to Queen Charlotte, and afterwards to Geo. III.

Sir George was eminent as a classical scholar; both his Latin and English compositions have been highly commended by severe judges. He pub. Dissertatio de Affectibus Animi, Cantab., 1755. Oratio Haveriana, Lon., 1755, 1761. Calci Oratione, Lon., 1761. De Catarrho et de Dysenteria Londinensi Epidemicis utrisque, 1762. An Inquiry into the Merits of a Method of Inoculation of the Small Pox, which is now practised in several of the counties of England, Lon., 1766. An Essay concerning the cause of the Endemial Colic of Devonshire, Lon., 1767. Opuscula Medica, iterum edita, Lon., 1771. He also contributed to Med. Obs. and Inq., 1762, 78, and 85; and to Med. Trans., 1785.

"He died in his 88th year, after having passed a long life with out any of those infirmities from which he had relieved thousands In the course of his practice; and died so easily, and apparently so free from pain, that the remarkable words of Cicero may be said of him. No illi fuit vita erepta, sed mors donata: He was not de

prived of life. but presented with death.' Dieu', says Bishop Bossuet, on the death of a great man, n'a pas lui oté la vie, mais lui a fait un présent de la mort. No man, perhaps, ever followed the career of physic, and the elegant paths of the Greek and Roman Muses, for the space of several years, with more success than Sir George Baker; the proofs of which may be seen in his pub lished and unpublished works, the splendour of his fortune, the esteem, respect, and admiration of his contemporaries."-Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. iii.

Baker, Henry, 1703–1774, a learned naturalist, with some pretensions as a poet. An Invocation to Health; a Poem, Lon., 1722. Original Poems, 1725-26. The Microscope made easy, a work highly commended, Lon., 1743: several editions; trans. into German, Amst., 1744. Employment for the Microscope, Lon., 1753. The Universe; a Philosophical Poem, intended to restrain the pride of Man: often reprinted. He contributed to the Lin. Trans., 1740; to the Phil. Trans., 1744, '48, '50, '55, '57, and '60. Mr. Baker was very successful in imparting knowledge to the deaf and dumb, of which art he made a profession. He married the youngest daughter of Daniel

Defoe. The Bakerian Lecture of the Royal Society was founded by this gentleman.

Baker, Henry, son of the preceding, wrote Essays, Pastoral and Elegiac, Lon., 1756.

Baker, Humphrey. The Well-Spring of Science Lon., 1562: a very popular work on arithmetic.

"Of all works on arithmetic prior to the publication of Cocker' celebrated book on the same subject, (1668.) this of Baker's ap proaches nearest to the masterpiece of that celebrated arithmetician

It continued to be constantly reprinted till 1687, the latest edition we have met with."-Rose's Biog. Dict.

He translated from the French, Rules and Documents

nacs, Lon., 1587.

concerning the Use and Practice of the Common AlmaBaker, J. His. of the Inquisition in Spain, &c., Weston, 1734.

Baker, J. B. Grammar of Moral Philos. and N. Theol., 1811.

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Baker, John W. Experiments in Agricult., vol. vi. 1665, 8vo.

Baker, Osman C., b. 1812, at Marlow, N.H., Bishop M. E. Church. 1. Discipline of the M. E. Church, 12mo, pp. 253. 2. Last Witness, 24mo, pp. 108.

Baker,Peter. Exposition on Acts xi. 27-30, Lon., 1597. Baker, Rachel. Sermons del'd during Sleep, 1815. Baker, Richard. Idea of Arithmetick, Lon., 1655. Baker, Richard, Chap. to the Brit. Residents at Hamburg. The German Pulpit: being a Selection of Sermons by the most eminent modern Divines of Germany, Lon., 1829.

Baker, Richard, pub. several theolog. works, Lon., 1782-1811. The Psalms of David Evangelized, 1811. "A practical work, adapted to the use of serious people; enabling them to read the Psalms with understanding and devotion. It will be found both pleasant and profitable to pious persons."-Evangelical Magazine.

Baker, Sir Richard, 1568 ?-1645, the grandson of Sir John Baker, chancellor of the exchequer to Henry VIII., was born at Sissingherst, in Kent. In 1584 he was entered as commoner at Hart Hall in Oxford, where he remained for three years. In 1603 he was knighted by King James I. He married a daughter of Sir George Mainwaring of Ightfield, in Shropshire; and becoming surety for the obligations of some members of this family, he was stripped of his property, and thrown into the Fleet prison, where he remained until his death.

He turned author in the hope of soothing his sorrows, profitably employing his time, and providing for his necessities. His earliest work bears date 1636, when the author was 67 or 68 years of age. It is entitled Cato Variegatus, or Cato's Moral Distiches varied. This is a poem. In addition to his "Chronicle," of which we shall speak presently, he published a number of other works, the principal of which are: Meditations and Disquisitions on the Lord's Prayer, 1637. This attained its 4th edition in 1640. Sir Henry Wotton, his quondam fellow-student, examined this work in MS., and spoke of it in the following hand

some manner:

"I much admire the very character of your style, which seemeth to me to have not a little of the African idea of S. Austin's Age; full of sweet raptures, and of researching conceits; nothing borrowed, nothing vulgar, and yet all flowing from you (I know not how) with a certain equal facility."

Meditations and Disquisitions on the three last Psalms of David, 1639. On the 50th Psalm; the 7 Penitential Psalms; the first Psalm; the seven Consolatory Psalms, 1639-1640. Med. and Prayers on the 7 days of the week, 1640. Apology for Laymen's writing Divinity, 1641. Theatrum Redivivum, in answer to Mr. Prynne's HistrioMastrix, 1662. Theatrum Triumphans. The two last are ascribed to him, though not pub. until after his death. It is supposed that Archbishop Williams purchased our author's books for £500. He made some translations from the French and Italian.

Sir Richard is best known by the Chronicle of the Kings of England, (1641,) which was the historical treasury of our ancestors before the publication of Rapin's History. It was repub. in 1653 and 1658. To the last edition was added the reign of Charles I., with a continuation to 1658, by Edward Phillips, nephew to Milton. A fourth edition appeared in 1665, with a continuation to the coronation of Charles II. The Account of the Restoration was principally written by Sir Thomas Clarges, (brother-in-law of the Duke of Albemarle,) though adopted by Phillips. Thomas Blount published a severe criticism upon the work, under the title of Animadversions upon Sir Richard

Baker's Chronicle and its Continuation, which Anthony him complain) was very much impaired. But God may smile on Wood considered to be well deserved:

"But so it was, that the Author Baker, and his continuator Phillips. having committed very many errors, Thom. Blount pub. Animadversions, &c. which book containing only a specimen of the errors, it may easily be discerned what the whole Chronicle containeth."—Athen, Oxon.

Another ed. 1684. Another abridged, and a continuation to 1726, was pub. 1730. In all, 12 editions have been printed. Another in 1733, called the best edition, but it lacks many curious papers contained in the early editions, especially in the first ed., (1641.)

Thomas Blount was not the only censurer of Sir Richard's Chronicle. Bishop Nicolson remarks that

"The author was a person of those accomplishments in wit and language, that his Chronicle has been the best read and liked of any hitherto published; the method is new, and seems to please the rabble; but learned men will be of another opinion."-Historical Library, Part i.

"It is a very mean and jejune performance; and nowise to be relied upon."-Biog. Brit.

"Being reduced to method. and not according to time, purposely to please gentlemen and novices, many chief things to be observed therein, as name. time, &c. are egregiously false, and consequently breed a great deal of confusion in the peruser, especially if he be curious or critical."-A. Wood,

In utter contempt of the critics, edition after edition appeared, with all the old blunders and erroneous dates repeated. The edition of 1730 contains corrections of Baker's errors; but then Phillips's continuation is corrected, many public places, lists of names, &c. being omitted, or the substance only of them given. So we say with the Hebrew of ancient time-"The old is better."

Bishop Nicolson complains that

"So little regard have we for truth, if a story be but handsomely told, the chronicle has been reprinted since that time, and sells as well as ever notwithstanding that no notice is taken of the animadversions, but all the old faults remain uncorrected."

It was a great book for the country squire's round-table; the companion of the Family Bible, the dog-eared, piecrusted Shakspeare, and Fox's Book of Martyrs. Sir Roger de Coverley knew and loved it, for Addison tells us that he found

"Since I was with him in the country, he had drawn many observations together, out of his reading in Baker's Chronicle." Spectator, No. 269.

But Daines Barrington seems to think that this notice did not benefit Baker's reputation any:

"Baker is by no means so contemptible a writer as he is generally supposed to be: it is believed that the ridicule on his Chronicle, arises from its being part of the furniture of Sir Roger de Coverley's hall in one of the Spectators."

But who doubts that this notice by Addison has sold many hundreds of copies since? Nay, who does not feel a violent desire to possess the book himself, when he is told that the good Sir Roger thumbed its pages, and drew from them his "many observations?"

How Dibdin can so misrepresent Anthony Wood as to charge him impliedly with commending Baker's work, we cannot understand. Anthony Wood does any thing else, as we have just shown; and as the reader will see at large by referring to the Athen. Oxon. Dibdin likewise does great injustice to Baker in presuming that he was "a gay and imprudent man," because he died in the Fleet prison. Imprudence, indeed, of one description brought him into the prison; but not that kind of imprudence for which gay men are generally reproached.

Baker made no secret of his opinion as to the merits of his Chronicle. He was not like some authors who apologize for writing until we wonder why they have written, and then deplore their many faults, until we marvel they have not thrown their books into the fire. On the contrary,

Sir Richard assures us that his

"Chronicle was collected with so great care and diligence, that if all other of our Chronicles were lost, this only would be sufficient to inform posterity of all passages memorable or worthy to be known."

Having thus kindly dispelled any fears which the world might entertain of the consequences of a general literary conflagration, Sir Richard goes on in the same liberal spirit, to assure his readers that he gives them "all passages of State and Church;" and determined to satisfy every craving for information however extravagant, he promises to record "all other observations proper for a Chronicle." This is tolerably liberal; but nothing is too large for Sir Richard's charity. What entertainment did that Goth of a son-in-law of his keep from us-that "one Smith," as he is contemptuously denominated, and rightly enough, when with unhallowed hands he destroyed Sir Richard's autobiography!

Fuller speaks of him affectionately:

"His youth he spent in learning, the benefit whereof he reaped In his old age, when his estate through suretyship (as I have heard,

them on whom the world doth frown; whereof his pious old age was a memorable instance, when the storm on his estate forced him to fly for shelter to his studies and devotions. He wrote an Exposition on the Lord's Prayer,' which is co-rival with the best comments which professed divines have written on that subject." Worthies.

Baker, Robt., d. 1580? wrote in verse an account of two voyages he made to Guinea in 1562–63. See Hakluyt's Collection.

Baker, Robert. Cursus Osteologicus, Lon., 1897. Baker, Robert. Witticisms and Strokes of lu mour, 1766.

Baker, S. Manners and Cust. of the Turks, Lon., .796. Baker, Saml. Sermons, pub. 1710-29.

Baker, Saml. Rebellion; Ser. on Mark vii. 13, 1745. Baker, S. W. 1. Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon. Lon., 1856, 8vo. 2. The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon, Svo. Baker, T. Poem on Winter, &c., 1767.

Baker, Thomas, Rector of Stanmercum-Falmer, Sussex. Sermons extracted from the Lectures of Bishop Porteus, intended for the use of the younger clergy and for families, Lon., 1817.

Baker, Thomas, 1625-1690, an English mathematician of note, born at Ilton in Somersetshire, entered at Oxford in 1640. He pub. The Geometrical Key, or the Gate of Equations Unlocked, Lon., 1684. This work was highly valued both at home and abroad. An edition was pub. in Latin.

"Baker discovered a rule or method for determining the centre of a circle, which shall cut a given parabola in as many points as a given equation, to be constructed, has real roots. This method is generally known as the central rule. The central rule is founded on this principle of the parabola: that if a line be inscribed in the curve perpendicular to any diameter, the rectangle of the segments of this line is equal to the rectangle of the intercepted part of the diameter and the parameter of the axis."-Rose's Biog. Dict.

In

Baker, Thomas, 1656-1740, a learned antiquary, was born at Crook, in the parish of Lancaster, in the Bishopric of Durham. In 1674 he was entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, and in 1679 became a Fellow of the college; in 1686 he was ordained priest by Bishop Barlow. He accepted the post of chaplain to Crew, Bishop of DurHe proved his conscientiousness by refusing to read the ham, who gave him, in 1687, the rectory of Long Newton. declaration of indulgence of James II., and afterwards by declining to take the oaths to the new government. 1717, with twenty-one others, he was deprived of his fellowship. After this event, he was accustomed to add to his signature Socius Ejectus. He continued to reside in his college as a commoner-master until his death. Having now time and opportunities for study, he devoted himself to investigations in history, biography, and antiquities, with a zeal seldom witnessed. So extensive were his inquiries, and so liberal was he in his communications of their results, that

"There is scarcely a work in the department of English History, Biography, and Antiquities, that appeared in his time, in which we do not find acknowledgments of the assistance which had been received from Mr. Baker. We may mention, particularly, Dr. Walker, in his Account of the Sufferings of the Clergy: Burnet; Dr. John Smith, the editor of Bede; Dr. Knight, in his Life of Erasmus; Browne Willis: Francis Peck; Dr. Ward, in his Lives of the Gresham Professors; Dr. Richardson, in his work on the ties; Lewis. in his History of the English Translations of the Bible; Strype and Hearne, in many of their works."-Rose's Biog. Dict.

Lives of the English Bishops: Ames in his Typographical Antiqui

seum,

He made large transcriptions from historical and other documents; 23 vols. of MSS. he gave to the Earl of Oxford. These form part of the Harleian MSS., (Brit. Mu7028 to 7050.) He also left 19 vols. of his MSS. to the public library at Cambridge. Mr. Baker published but one work, Reflections on Learning, showing the insufficiency thereof in its several particulars, in order to evince the usefulness and necessity of Revelation, Lon., 1710. This work went through eight editions, and was one of the most popular books in the language. The author has a curious passage on philosophy, which we quote:

"Since Aristotle's philosophy has been exploded in the schools, as we have had since, we have not been able to fix any more, but under which we had more peace, and possibly almost as much truth have been wavering from one point to another."

Mr. Bosworth, in his Method of Study, ranks this work among the classics for purity of style; but different views have been expressed :

"Though the style is perspicuous and manly, it can scarcely be applauded as rising to any degree of elegance. It is, undoubtedly, in several respects, a work of very considerable merit."

Great disappointment was felt that Mr. Baker did not complete his design of writing an Athena Cantabrigiensibus, on the plan of Wood's Athena Oxoniensis. His MSS. collections relative to the history and antiquities of the

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