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tutions. The books are used by both staff and visitor. The staff always needs to inform itself in order to do its work of research, preparing, installing and labeling.

VISITORS

Different classes of visitors use museums, rich and poor, wise and ignorant. Carpenters often study the specimens of woods, miners the minerals, teachers of art and architecture the collections of primitive art and the objects and pictures, showing the types of building of other times and other peoples.

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Normal school classes that study in museums scatter what they learn from the exhibits to school children as far and wide as the region their normal school represents.

On the occasion of an exhibit for the prevention and cure of tuberculosis in one museum, over forty thousand visitors passed between the police lines in and out of the exhibit in a single day, which proves conclusively that the public is thoroughly alive to the importance and value of the most modern and useful museum work.

LECTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Lecture halls are included in the equipment of many modern museums. One museum has three lecture halls and gives lectures every day. Each lecture is made as appropriate to the audience as possible. So there are simple lectures for children, general lectures for the public, and specialized lectures for scientists, or people interested in the details of a single subject. There are also lectures for teachers, and for those who wish general entertainment in the lines of museum work. Even short informal talks, sometimes illustrated by specimens, are given when desired in exhibition halls, offices and shops.

The lectures are usually illustrated with specimens or lantern views, in some cases thrown up over thirty feet square and unsurpassed in coloring. Even the moving picture is used. Some museums collect vast numbers of negatives, some of them taken on expeditions, which form a great historic archive of increasing value as time passes. Prints are used for illustrating scientific papers, encyclopedias, text-books, popular books, magazines, newspapers, and the like, and from them are made hundreds of sets of lantern slides for illustrating as many lectures. One made over seventy duplicate sets of slides of each lecture, and sent them throughout a whole state for the use of all the teachers. It specified that no admission should be charged. Large audiences attend museum lectures. Seven thousand children once tried to hear a single lecture in a museum hall holding only 1,400, but eleven extra lecturers were called by 'phone from the door, the children were deflected to twelve different halls and were interested and instructed.

The photographs made from negatives taken on expeditions are kept in files or in scrap-books where they may be consulted, and prints are given out in small numbers free of cost, or in large quantities for the actual cost of the photographs, without regard to the expense of the expedition necessary to secure them. These are given to scientists for study and for illustrating their books, to educators to use as illustrations and to hold up before their classes. Many of them are used by magazine writers and newspaper men for illustrations and by sculptors and painters. In this way the explorer brings back glimpses of far-away lands which eventually are shared with people unable to travel or who must travel nearer home.

LOAN EXHIBITS AND MEETING PLACES

Some museums loan space for special and temporary exhibits such as art loans, flower shows, and sanitary exhibits,

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of which one illustrated the fight against the great white plague. For a few hours or days such exhibits are placed in front of the permanent museum exhibits.

Museums also become social centers or headquarters for scientific and educational purposes, where any or all classes of people may learn of or enjoy such things as art and science. The large lecture halls are particularly appropriate for general meetings and the smaller rooms for special societies.

TRAVELING EXHIBITS

Where a few specimens are needed by thousands it is easier to move the specimens than the people. Branch banks, university extension lectures and traveling libraries grew out of a similar cause. Exhibits are put up in carrying cases with labels and guide-books describing the specimens, and these are sent from school to school, to libraries and other suitable places. In St. Louis, Chicago and New York, for instance, the success of this work has necessitated the use of museum automobile delivery vans and many thousands of children are served. The business men of Canada for several years sent a train known as the "Made in Canada Special" throughout the length and breadth of the country. This train contained exhibits of the manufactures of the Dominion. It was a commercial museum on wheels, and it stopped only a few hours in the places visited, but it was thronged with visitors anxious to learn of the manufactured products of the country. Agricultural colleges and railroads have been using a somewhat similar method to uplift the people, and, if business men find it worth their while to educate the citizens, it would seem to be the duty of educators to consider this method for museum extension. Useful exhibits and moving-picture lectures installed on railroad cars side-tracked at various places would not only carry art, science and other phases of social service to places where no museum exists, but also present a model of methods to

museums.

MUSEUM COOPERATION

There are over sixty museums in Canada, counting large and small. They are found from coast to coast, but are most numerous in the older settled and most cultured parts. Specimens are often loaned or given to smaller museums by the larger ones. Encyclopedic labels may be more economically produced if written by one curator, criticized by several, and printed for all. This saves the expensive duplication of writ

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SAND HILL CRANE GROUP WITH HOME SURROUNDINGS AND PAINTED BACKGROUND IN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

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