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Laburnum, rich
In streaming gold; syringa, iv'ry pure;
The scentless and the scented rose,-this red
And of an humbler growth, the other tall
And throwing up into the darkest gloom
Of neighbouring cypress, or more sable yew,
Her silver globes, light as the foamy surf
That the wind severs from the broken wave;
The lilac, various in array,-now white,
Now sanguine, and her beauteous head now set
With purple spikes pyramidal, as if,
Studious of ornament, yet unresolved

Which hue she most approved, she chose them all;
Copious of flowers, the woodbine pale and wan,
But well compensating her sickly looks
With never-cloying odours, early and late;
Hypericum, all bloom, so thick a swarm
Of flowers, like flies clothing her slender rods,
That scarce a leaf appears; mezereon, too,
Though leafless, well attired, and thick beset
With blushing wreaths, investing every spray;
Althæa, with the purple eye; the broom,
Yellow and bright, as bullion unalloy'd,
Her blossoms; and, luxuriant above all,
The jasmine, throwing wide her elegant sweets,
The deep, dark green of whose unvarnish'd leaf
Makes more conspicuous, and illumines more
The bright profusion of her scatter'd stars ;-
These have been, and these shall be in their day.
From death to plenty, and from death to life,
Is Nature's progress, when she lectures man
In heavenly truth; evincing, as she makes
The grand transition, that there lives and works
A soul in all things,--and that soul is God.
The beauties of the wilderness are his,
That makes so gay the solitary place,
Where no eye sees them; and the fairer forms,
That cultivation glories in, are his.

He sets the bright procession on its way,
And marshals all the order of the year.
And, ere one flowery season fades and dies,
Designs the blooming wonders of the next.

As the eye of Wilberforce wandered from the page of the open volume, it would turn to some beautiful plant, or some blossom painted over with the richest tints; and then, we are told, he would point out the harmony of the colours, the beauty of the pencilling, the perfection of the colouring, and run up all into those aspirations of praise to the Almighty which were ever welling forth from his grateful heart. He loved flowers with all the simple delight of childhood. He would hover from bed to bed over his favourites; and when he came in, even from his shortest walk, he deposited a few that he had gathered safely in his room before he Often would he say, as joined the breakfast table. he enjoyed their fragrance, "How good God is to us! What should we think of a friend who had furnished us with a magnificent house and all we needed, and then, coming in to see that all had been provided according to his wishes, should be hurt to find that no seats had been placed in the rooms? Yet so has God dealt with us! surely flowers are the smiles of his goodness." This beautiful description of Wilberforce compared with a touching anecdote related by Mr. Woodward: "It was my lot," he writes, "many years years ago to attend a friend, unspeakably dear to me, upon his dying bed. He was one who loved all that is pure in nature, and who, moreover, loved the Lord his God with all his heart. But a few hours before his departure, a bunch of his favourite flowers was brought to him. The sorrowing group around him watched with tender anxiety, to see whether he would notice them, and in what manner he would now be affected by them. But they were not left long in suspence; for no sooner did he catch the wellknown fragrance, than he lifted his eyes to heaven, and almost with his last breath exclaimed, Silent hymns!"" Our old monasteries sometimes witnessed similar scenes of delightful piety and resignation. Seated in the open air, surrounded by the monks, and at the hour of singing the morning psalms, expired the young Abbot of Wearmouth.

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Crabbe gives to the vicar of his Borough a taste for flowers;

To a small garden with delight he came,

And gave successive flowers a summer's fame; and the village-parsonages of England-nooks of verdure and sunshine-contain some charming plots of garden-ground. There is a beauty in their inclosure of rose-hedges, which we look for in vain among the princely magnificence of baronial abodes. Flowers seem to be the natural ornament of the pastor's dwelling; with these jewels of nature his rooms shine: Herbert decked his chamber with them; the home of his Country Parson was to be as fine as his garden could make it. His poetry may illustrate his advice: O that I once past changing were,

Fast in thy Paradise, where no flower can wither!
Many a spring I shoot up fair,

Off'ring at heaven, growing and groaning thither :
Nor doth my flower

Want a spring-shower,

My sins and I joining together!

But while I grow in a straight line,

Still upwards bent, as if heaven were mine own, Thine anger comes, and I decline;

What frost to that? what pole is not the zone, Where all things burn,

When thou dost turn,

And the least frown of thine is shown?

And now in age 1 bud again, After so many deaths I live and write; I once more smell the dew and rain, And relish versing, O my only light, It cannot be

That I am he

On whom thy tempests fell all night.

These are thy wonders, Lord of Love,
To make us see we are but flowers that glide:
Which when we once can find and prove,
Thou hast a garden for us, where to bide.
Who would be more
Swelling through store,

Forfeit their Paradise by their pride.

Dr. Cooke Taylor, in his very interesting essay on the history of society, notices, as a peculiarity of the Christian dispensation, that its divine Author makes no special reference to the consolation, or to the mental elevation, which the humble study of the power and wisdom of God, as displayed in his works, cannot fail to afford. He regards the omission as a proof of the universality of the religion; the force of such arguments necessarily depending not only upon climate, but upon the extent of civilization and capacity. But he justly adds, that our Lord, neither by precept nor example, taught His disciples to survey with indifference the harmonies or sublimities of nature. "Some of his most persuasive lessons and affecting illustrations were derived from those mute preachers, the flowers of the field; 'the lilies that toil not, neither do they spin,' and yet are more gorgeously arrayed than Solomon in all his glory,-the fields white with the ripened harvest,-the vineyard with all its varieties of labour and enjoyment. A garden was his favourite resort for contemplation, and a garden was chosen for the place of his sepulture."

[Abridged from WILLMOTT's Pictures of Christian Life.]

Comparative Scale of the Elementary Sounds to be found in Ancient and Modern Languages.-The English retains only 38, the German 31, and the French 39. The Latin 45, the Hebrew 65, the Persian 122, the Arabic 148, the Welch 213. With respect to the Hebrew, however, it it should not be forgotten, that its imperfect remains preclude a satisfactory view of its elementary character. Of the 65 elements still preserved in it, about 30 have an identity of functions and signification with those in Welsh. The Arabic has 63 and Persian 61, agreeing in the same manner.-W. O. PUGHE.

JOHN W. PARKER, PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND, LONDON,

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SECTION 1.

MODERN VIEW OF ARUNDEL CASTLE.

ANTIQUITY AND EXTENT OF THE EARLDOM OF ARUNDEL. In antiquity, extent, and dignity, the earldom of Arundel, in the county of Sussex, is the most interesting and the most remarkable in England. The Rape of Arundel contains fifty-five parishes, some of which are very considerable. These are ranked under six hundreds, over which the earldom of Arundel was anciently paramount. The forest of Arundel was a separate jurisdiction; and this, with its chases and parks, was very extensive, and occupied a considerable part of the Rape. That part of this district which is immediately on the sea, has been greatly encroached upon by the tides. Of the parish of Middleton, eight miles from Chichester, more than half has been absorbed by the sea, and even within the last twenty or thirty years the land has been considerably encroached upon. The town of Arundel is situated on the river Arun, at a short distance from the sea, and on some elevated ground close to the town, rises the noble Castle of Arundel, the history of which, together with that of its dignified owners, will form the subject of our present number.

This term is peculiar to Sussex, and represents a division less than a county, but greater than a hundred. VOL. XXV.

There is mention of Arundel Castle as early as the time of King Alfred, who bequeathed it by will to his nephew Adhelm. But it does not appear at that time to have ranked higher than the neighbouring lordships, and though it descended to Harold, afterwards king, the proof of its enjoying privileges and jurisdiction as a royalty, is of subsequent date. After the battle of Hastings, Arundel was conferred by the Conqueror on his kinsman, Roger de Montgomeri, who was created Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury, receiving two very extensive territories or earldoms which gave the title. The earldom of Arundel then conreaching from Arundel to the sea, to the Weald, and to the sisted of a very extensive district estimated at 42,160 acres, present rapes of Arundel and Chichester. In 1071 Earl confines of Hampshire, and was commensurate with the Roger had established himself at Arundel, and had constituted his earldom in the plenitude of feudal tenure. Surrounding his castle in every direction, his possessions were three lordships, ten hundreds with their courts of suit and service, eighteen parks, and twenty-five manors with their of Normandy in his invasion of England, and commanded appendant lands. This earl was a chief adviser of William the centre of his army at the battle of Hastings. The Conqueror seems to have delighted in heaping favours on him. Besides making him Earl of Arundel and Earl of

Shrewsbury, he granted him manors in the counties of Sussex, Surrey, Hants, Wilts, Middlesex, Hereford, Gloucester, Worcester, Cambridge, Warwick, Stafford, and Salop, all of which are enumerated in Domesday Book. In 1087 he founded the abbey of St. Peter, in the suburbs of Shrewsbury, for Augustine canons, and in 1094 he there assumed the habit of religion and became a monk, but died three days afterwards, and was honourably interred there.

It may here be desirable to describe the more ancient portions of Arundel Castle, that we may picture to ourselves the almost regal state in which Earl Roger lived, and the kind of dwelling which he found partly ready to his hands; but of which he was no doubt the main improver at that period; and herein, as in other matters relating to this castle, Dallaway's excellent work will be taken as the guide. The Castle of Arundel, as a military stronghold, has been referred to the period when the Romans were masters of this country; but as this has been disputed by several antiquarians, it is sufficient to say that certain portions of this edifice are certainly of very remote antiquity. That a castle existed before the Conquest is fully proved; for not only is the herring-bone masonry in some of the walls an absolute indication of the Saxon era, or perhaps of higher antiquity, but in Domesday Book there is mention of a singular tax which this castle paid in Edward the Confessor's time: "Castle Harundel, in King Edward's time, paid for a mill forty shillings, and for three feasts twenty shillings, and for a pasty twenty shillings." The circular form of the keep favours the supposition that Earl Roger found that part of the castle ready to his hands. Most of the Norman keeps are square.

SECTION 2.

ANCIENT APPEARANCE AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE
CASTLE.

The circumference of the whole site of Arundel Castle, exclusive of the outworks, is of an oblong shape, inclosing five acres and a half of ground. The ground plan very nearly resembles that of Windsor Castle with a circular keep in the middle, raised on a mount partly natural, partly artificial. The walls are from five to twelve feet in thickness, and the space inclosed by them is in the proportion of nine to fourteen. Almost in the centre of the inclosed fortification, a mount is thrown up, the summit of which rises more than a hundred feet on one side and eighty on the other, and proudly overlooks the whole castle. This mode of fortification was practised by the Danes, and is considered as affording another proof that the castle was of considerable importance before it came into the possession of Earl Roger. It is thought from the appearance of Roman bricks, that Earl Roger or his son retained the present keep on the Danish, or perhaps Roman earthworks, having applied to the exterior a casing of hewn Caen stone, much used in all Norman edifices. The keep is from eight to ten feet thick, and strengthened with ribs or buttresses: the parapet withinside is eight feet high, and in the centre of the inclosure is a small subterraneous room, towards which the internal chambers converged. The entrance was formerly through a Norman arch, now inaccessible, with a carved doorcase, of the zigzag mouldings common in castles of that age. This circular keep was flanked by a square or oblong tower, and guarded by a portcullis. The present entrance was approached by a long flight of stone steps; and above it was an oratory dedicated to St. Martin, and a very deep well, to fill up which, not many years since, a part of this tower was taken down and thrown into it. By the steps and sally-port the keep is connected with the great gateway, a plain circular arch under a large square tower, in which are two chambers, originally state chambers. These, probably, were the whole of the buildings as inhabited by Earl Roger and his

sons.

Here, then, Earl Roger, first Earl of Arundel, and Earl Marshal of England, dwelt in the midst of his wide extent of property, and continued in favour with his sovereign until his death, when the estates devolved upon first his son Hugh de Montgomeri, then upon his son Robert, earl of Belesme, in Normandy. This son soon forfeited royal favour by taking part with Robert, the eldest son of the Conqueror, against Henry, his youngest son, in the family discord that prevailed at that time. The first siege of Arundel Castle took place in the time of this Robert de Belesme, and ended in the surrender of the castle to Henry

the First, upon condition that the earl should be allowed to retire into Normandy. Extraordinary preparations had been made for the defence of the castle by means of a high wooden tower, placed upon the ballium, but the capitulation taking place, the siege was raised, and the castle suffered no detriment. Henry the First thus took the earldom of Arundel into his own possession, and settled it by will on Adeliza, or Alice of Lorraine, his second wife.

In the month of July, 1139, the Empress Maud, with her brother and a retinue of one hundred and forty knights, were received with great courtesy in Arundel Castle by Adeliza, then the queen dowager, who had married William de Albini, earl of Sussex, called William of the Strong Hand, because there is a legendary story of his having killed a lion by tearing out its tongue. Adeliza had expected that her daughter-in-law would have invaded the kingdom with a much greater force, and was therefore justly alarmed when King Stephen, then occupied in the siege of Marlborough, suddenly appeared before the castle, and threatened its demolition if the empress was not given up. Adeliza, it is said, pleaded the rights of relationship and hospitality, and the king, allowing her plea, suffered her royal visitant to withdraw, who pursued her journey to Bristol. that ilk time, sa felle, Molde the Emprice cam to land Be Castell of Arundelle open ageiinst hur fond: han Steven understood Molde was in Arondelle, i miickle folk and gude beseged hir, at Castelle, Molde thaght of his põer, she bethought her strait, And doubted dishonoure that mout com thoroh disceit; Scheo hiid here to Briightstowe. PETER LANGTOFT's Chronicles.

By the marriage of Adeliza just mentioned, the earldom of Arundel devolved on the Albini family. It was enjoyed by several of their descendants, until at the death of Hugh de Albini, fifth earl of Arundel of that house, the estates were divided between his four sisters and co-heirs. In this great division the castle and honour of Arundel were assigned to Fitz-Alan, who had married Isabel, the second sister and co-heir, and who assumed the earldom by tenure only, and was the progenitor of seven earls of Arundel, to the death of Thomas, earl of Arundel, in 1415. The third earl of the family of Fitz-Alan added greatly to the castle of Arundel, in the reign of Edward the First, which monarch was present here as a guest, and dated a patent hence September 9th, 1302. The outward gateway was added, as a continuation of the first, which was also strengthened by a large buttress fifty feet high. The arches of the outer gateway form an obtuse angle, and are ribbed, and flanked by two square embattled towers. One of these is sometimes called Bevis's tower, from a legendary story of its having been the residence of that champion when porter to the castle. "Bevis," says Mr. Gilpin, "was a giant of ancient times, whose prowess was equal to his size. He was able to wade the channel of the sea to the Isle of Wight, and frequently did it for his amusement. Great, however, as Bevis was, he condescended to be warder at the gate of the Earls of Arundel, who built this tower for his reception, and supplied him with two hogsheads of beer every week, a whole ox, and a proportional quantity of bread and mustard. It is true the dimensions of the tower are only proportioned to a man of moderate size; but such an inconsistence is nothing when opposed to the traditions of a country." The barbican tower rises from an artificial mound on the north-west side of the great vallation and mount of the keep. It is square, with buttresses, and was approached only by a very steep flight of steps, and a small sharply arched doorway. It was connected with the sally-port of the keep by a covered way, and the wall which surrrounded the whole of the fortified space. This walled inclosure was strengthened by numerous square towers, and a curious military contrivance was made use of, and may still be seen, for the conveyance of sound by means of a circular funnel made through the grouted mortar in the thickness of the wall. Richard, earl of Arundel, although the third of his family who possessed the castle and estates, is considered by some writers as the first of the Fitz-Alan family who truly bore the title of earl. He is described as a handsome and well-beloved knight, and his presence at the siege of Carlaverock in June, 1300, is thus noticed in the old poem :

Richard le Conte de Aroundel
Beau chevalier, et bien ame,
bi-je richement arme

En rouge au lyon rampant de or.

The last public action of this carl's life was the taking part in a letter from the Barons to Pope Boniface, denying his supremacy. This was in February, 1301, and in the following year the earl died, in the thirty-fifth year of his age.

The next earl, Edmund Fitz-Alan, was born at Marlborough Castle, and was summoned to the first parliament of Edward the Second, when only eighteen years old. He was personally bound to the king, who had forgiven him a considerable debt, and at length he suffered death in his cause, being, without legal process, adjudged to death, and immediately beheaded.

and strict integrity, and who, therefore, ill brooked the effeminate court of Richard the Second, and, joining with the Duke of Gloucester, he formed an inveterate opposition to the measures of that feeble government. The chief instruments they employed were the citizens of London, who, at that period, upon great questions of state, spoke the opinions of the people at large. These confederates excited the fears and revenge of their weak monarch, and were, therefore, speedily removed from the opportunity of farther opposition to his wishes. Holinshed gives a long account of the trial and execution of this earl, and says, "His death was much lamented among the people, considering his sudden fall and miserable end, whereas not long before, among all the noblemen of this land, there was none more esteemed: so noble and valiant he was, that all men spake honour of him. After his death, as the fame went, the king was sore vexed in his sleepe with horrible dremes, imagininge that he saw this earle appeare to him, and putting him in horrible fear; with which visions being sorelie troubled, he cursed the day that ever he knew the earle. And hee was the more unquiet, because he heard it reported, that the common people took the earle for a martyr, insomuch that some came to visite at the place of his sepulture, for the opinion they had of his holiness. And, whereas, it was bruited abroad for a miracle, that his head should be growne to his bodie againe, the tenth day after his burial, the kinge sent, about ten of the clock at night, certain nobilitie to see his bodie taken up, that he might be certifable, he commanded the friars to take downe his armes that were set about the place of his burial, and to cover his grave, so that it should not be perceived where he was buried."

His son, Richard, the second of that name, succeeded in 1331, bore a conspicuous part in the transactions of that period, and particularly distinguished himself in a sea-fight against the Spaniards, where seventeen ships were taken, and twenty-seven escaped through the darkness of the night. As constable of the army, he led the second battalion of the English army at the victory obtained by them over the French at Cressy. His great wealth enabled him to assist the king with money. It appears that, in 1371, the king owed him 20,000l. He died in 1375, aged sixty. It appears that at Cressy this earl took several prisoners of rank, and applied their ransom-money to the purpose of extending the habitable parts of his Castle of Arundel, on the southeast side, above the town. But this was an enlargement only, for several round-headed windows in the south front, and the vault under the east tower, formerly the castle prison, are indicative of a higher antiquity. In that build-fied of the truth; which done, and perceiving that it was a ing the earl placed and endowed the chapel, dedicated to St. George. The will of this earl gives particular directions that no pomp shall be observed at his funeral obsequies. Thus he says, "My body to be buried in the chapter-house of the priory at Lewes, near the tomb of Alianor de Lancaster, my wife; and I desire that my tomb be no higher than hers; that no men-at-arms, horses, hearse, or other pomp be used at my funeral, but only five torches, with their morters, as was about the corpse of my wife, be allowed, and that no more than 500 marks be expended thereon." But though desiring little to be expended on his body, the earl was careful to provide for the continuance of masses, &c., for the good, as he believed, of his soul. Thus he left 2001. for the purchase of lands and rents for the monks of Lewes, for the saying of perpetual masses for the souls of his father, mother, wife, children, &c., and 1000 marks to purchase land of the value of 107 marks, "for the maintenance," it is stated in the will," of six priests and three choristers, to celebrate divine service every day by note, in the chapel of my Castle of Arundel, and to pray for the souls of my father and mother, my wife and children, their successors, and all Christian people: I will that they rise every day in summer at sun-rising, and in winter at break of the day, to their matins by note; and they are also to perform their masses high and low, and other divine services, according to the direction of my executors."

The son of this earl, also named Richard, was eminently distinguished for his integrity and magnificence; but living in the weak and wicked reign of Richard the Second, he was continually embroiled with the ruling powers, and at last perished on the scaffold. As Admiral of the West this earl, accompanied by Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham, went to sea in 1387, and took about one hundred ships laden with wines, containing one thousand nine hundred tuns. "After which," says Holinshed," he took Brest, in Bretagne, and returned to England, which deeds of the earl's being envied by such as were with the king, as the Duke of Ireland, the Earle of Suffoke, Sir Simon Burley, and others, depraving the earle to the king, said that he had performed no worthie exploit, but only invaded a few merchants, whose amitie it had been more fruitful to have preserved, than to have stirred unintreatable hatred." The same historian states, that the citizens of Middleburg requested to buy those wines of him, and to pay him after the rate of "a hundred shillings a tunne," but that he denied their suit. The portion which fell to his share of this capture was so liberally bestowed among his friends, that he left not himself a single tun. Soon after this a combination was formed secretly at Arundel Castle between this earl, his brother, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and others, to guard the king's person, and reform the government, by assuming regal authority in their several districts. They acted on this for a time, but subsequently the king's party prevailed, and the earl was dismissed from his office of High Admiral; after this he became reconciled to the king. Froissart describes this earl as a man of inflexible courage

This unfortunate earl had taken for his second wife Philippa, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, earl of March, and widow of John de Hastings, son and heir of the Earl of Pembroke. This marriage took place without license from the king, to whom Philippa was related, and the earl was therefore fined 400 marks for the offence. This Countess of Arundel was the means of producing a quarrel between the earl and the Duke of Lancaster, on account of the marriage of the latter with Catherine Swinford. Stow says that "the great ladies of England, as the Duchesse of Gloucester, the Countess of Arundel, and others descended of the blood royall, greatlie disdained that she (Catherine Swineford) should be matched with the Duke of Lancaster, and by that means be counted the second person in the realme, and be preferred in roome before them, and, therefore, they said they would not come where she was present, for that it should be a shame to them, that a woman of so base birth should go and have place before them." The extreme rigour of the duke, at the time of the Earl of Arundel's trial, has been, in part, attributed to this cause.

Thomas Fitz-Alan, son of the above ill-fated earl, was deprived of all his possessions by Richard the Second, and was also taken prisoner, but contrived to make his escape to the continent. As might be expected, he was one of the first English noblemen who joined the standard of Henry of Bolingbroke. He officiated at the coronation, and was restored to all his rights and possessions by Henry the Fourth. To him, and to the son of the Duke of Gloucester, the person of the unhappy Richard was confided; and, it is said, that Henry the Fourth, in committing the deposed monarch to their charge, said to them, "Here is the murderer of your fathers, you must be answerable for him."

Thomas Fitz-Alan was the seventh earl of Arundel, and was married to Beatrice, an illegitimate daughter of the King of Portugal, with great pomp in London, the king and queen being present on the occasion. He died on the 13th of October, 1415. Passing over the peaceable succession and lives of several succeeding earls, we come to Henry Fitz-Alan, the thirteenth earl of Arundel, and the last of that name. This nobleman was born in 1511, and was named after Henry the Eighth, his godfather. The high spirit and integrity of his ancestors were largely exhibited by this earl. In Lodge's Memoirs he is thus noticed: "In the life of a man of exalted rank, not less distinguished by the vigour of his talents than by his honesty and high spirit, continually in the service of the crown under four monarchs, the characters of whose minds and tempers, and the policy of whose governments were dissimilar even to opposition; devoted with the most faithful and unbending resolution to a religion which he saw alternately cherished and proscribed by those princes, professed and abjured by his compeers,

what interesting facts must have occurred! What dangers must he not have encountered, what difficulties must he not have surmounted! These curiosities, however, have been sacrificed to the dulness or to the timidity of the historians of the seventeenth century, and little remains of him but an outline, which it is now too late to endeavour to fill up." The Roman Catholic zeal of this earl was conspicuous at this time, when the principles of the Reformation were slowly, but surely, working their way in this country; and although we cannot fail, as Protestants, to look upon him as a hinderer of the truth, we may yet acknowledge that, at all personal hazards, he espoused what he considered to be the cause of true religion. His talents and integrity caused him to be retained in the household of Queen Elizabeth, although he had been one of the most active supporters of her predecessor. At her coronation he officiated as Lord High Constable, the Earl of Worcester being his deputy as chief butler. The fee on this occasion is a costly cup of gold, and in the MS. life of this earl it is said, "His fee, for that his own office by inheritance, was the best cup on the cupboard, being at that time a bowle of gold, with a great diamond in the bottom, the cover likewise all overset with faire diamonds; which bowle the earle toke accordingly into his own custodie, kept it fouertene days, and occupied the same as his owne amongst his friends at table, and so, being fully possessed thereof, such was his honorable mynde, that he presented the same again to the Queene's Majestye, as a token of his good mynde towards her prosperous raigne, wch was a guifte very liberal, wayinge his chardges in performing both those offices on the greate day of the coronation." It was not until he showed favour to the cause of Mary, Queen of Scots, that the displeasure of his royal mistress was awakened against this earl. This displeasure was greatly heightened by his determined opposition to her matrimonial treaty with the Duke of Anjou. From that time he entirely lost her favour, and, consequently, remained in retirement until his death, which took place at Arundel House, London in 1579 or 80, at the age of sixty-eight years. The magnificent hospitality of this earl was proverbial; his frequent feasts and numerous retinue entitled him to the character given likewise to his father, William, earl of Arundel," that he was a very father of nurture and courtesie, and a liberal housekeeper." He also did his part towards the enlargement and improvement of the Castle of Arundel. A long gallery, and several apartments on the east side, were built by him. The adjacent college having been suppressed, the materials were granted to him, and it appears that he made use of them in his new buildings, for when some of the latter were taken down a short time since, several fragments of tabernacle work, or minute sculpture, were discovered. At the end of this gallery was a suite of apartments called Percy's Hall, and supposed to have been Luilt as a retreat for Alan Percy, who was master of the college at the time of the dissolution. There is a fine portrait of Earl Henry still to be seen at Arundel Castle.* It was painted by Sir Antonio More, and represents him in a cloak of damask very deeply trimmed with white fur. This nobleman appears to have been much flattered by Elizabeth, and at one time conceived hopes of obtaining her hand. When disappointed in this hope, he sought relief in travel, and visited Italy. In his absence he contracted a great fondness for foreign fashions, several of which he introduced here, on his return; particularly the use of coaches, the first of which ever seen in England was kept by himself. He also brought from Genoa, a pair of silk stockings, then a great rarity, as a present to the queen. The only son of Earl Henry, the Lord Matravers, died before his father, and thus the lordship of Arundel, after being in the family of the Fitz-Alans for more than three centuries, now devolved to another family. The young Lord Matravers is thus spoken of in the MS. life of the earl:-"His only son (who in his time was worthely esteemed the paragon of this realme) not exceeding the age of eighteen yeares, did excell in all manner of good learninge and languages, in all activities on horseback or on foote, and in his behaviour was a most righte courtiour, to the honour of this realme, who being but of those years, was sent ambassadour to Maximilian, the Kinge of Boemia, into the Lowe Countrye, wheare, throughe a hot burning fever, he ended this life."

SECTION 3.

THE HOWARD FAMILY.

The daughter of Henry Fitz-Alan, the last earl of that family, married Thomas, duke of Norfolk; but died also

before her father, and soon after the birth of a son, Philip Howard, the first Earl of Arundel of that name. This lady has the reputation of great learning, from some of her Latin studies still remaining. These are bound together in a volume of the royal MSS. in the British Museum, and consist of,-1. Similitudines from Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, and other philosophers; 2. A life of Alexander Severus. Both these are translated from English into Latin, and signed with her name, Maria Arundel. Two others, consisting of sentences from Greek authors converted into Latin, were written after her marriage, and are signed Maria Norffolke and Maria Norffolkia.

Philip Howard, son of this lady, was the first Earl of Arundel of that name. He was baptized at Westminster in a font of pure gold, and his sponsors were Philip, king of Spain, Heath, archbishop of York, and Elizabeth, duchess dowager of Norfolk. The father of this earl inclined towards the Protestant cause, and removed a zealous Roman Catholic who was for a time the tutor of the youth. Thus it is stated in a manuscript, entitled, The Life of that renowned Confessor Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel :-" His father was a prince of a very moderate disposition, and moral good life, though not a little tinctured with heresy, by reason of his education in his aunt's, the Duchess of Richmond's, house, which was a receptacle and harbour of pernicious persons tainted in that kind, and in particular of the infamous apostate John Bale, and also of John Foxe, the author of that pestilent book, The Acts and Monuments." But Philip became fixed in his adherence to the faith of his ancestors, and was at length suspected of plots against the queen. After the defeat of the Spanish armada, he was accused by William Bennett, a priest, of having directed him to put up prayers for its success, and upon this and other charges he was brought to his trial before the House of Lords, and condemned to death. It appears, however, that Bennett's accusation was wholly false, and made to save his own life. The execution of this unjust sentence was delayed, and the earl was kept a close prisoner for five or six years, when he died, not without suspicion of poison. Thomas Howard, son of the preceding, became an eminent public character. He sought the restoration of his ancient honours, and that his claims might not appear altogether slighted, he was made Earl of Howard, though the ducal dignity was still withheld. In 1641-2, foreseeing the events that were coming on his country, he became a voluntary exile, and died at Padua, in 1646. He was a great encourager of the arts and learned men, and was called "The Father of Virtû," in England. It was during the absence of this earl from his Castle of Arundel, that the famous siege took place of which we are about to give a description. The fame of this nobleman among men of taste and science, chiefly arises from his having been the first to introduce Greek and Roman statues, as a model for the imitation of his countrymen. His gallery of statues was collected by John Evelyn and William Petty, of whom he sent the one to Rome, the other to the Greek islands. The results of their researches were the formation of the Arundel collection. This earl also maintained Franciscus Junius, and Oughtred, the mathematician; cultivated the friendship of Selden and Evelyn; patronized Inigo Jones and Vandyke, and brought over to England Winceslaus Hollar, the engraver.

SECTION 4.

SIEGE OF ARUNDEL CASTLE. 1643-44. Arundel Castle, as a stronghold in the time of the civil wars, was of the greatest importance, and the possession of it was gained by the royalists and parliamentarians alternately. In the winter of 1643-44 it was besieged by Sir William Waller, and capitulated after a resistance of seventeen days. The following notice of this event is derived from The Siege Papers, published at the time by authority, and reprinted by Mr. Dallaway.

Sir William Waller, with his forces, arrived at Arundel during the night of Tuesday, the 19th of December, 1643, and on the following morning commenced a vigorous assault on the town, whereby he drove the enemy from their works into the castle. Having gained possession of the town, the besiegers were no longer distressed for want of provisions: "on Thursday divers people sent in six loads of victuals freely, which good example of theirs for the publique good did induce many others to do the like." Many of the unfortunate persons who had taken refuge in the castle

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