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the service of God, every attempt to revoke a donation, or contest a privilege, was pronounced a high sacrilege. Every monastery considered itself as the Church and holy family of Christ, and hence defended with enthusiasm the rights it had acquired, and which time had consecrated.

The power and riches of the monasteries did not arise solely from their domains and seignorial privileges; most of them possessed the bones of some apostle, or some martyr, which produced them abundant offerings, and were their means of protection in the hour of danger. From the ninth century, the inhabitants of the cloisters, when they were aggrieved by the injustice or usurpation of powerful neighbours, placed the relics of the saints they possessed upon the earth, or among the thorns, and left them there, until their invaded or menaced sanctuary was liberated from all fear. When robbers or the enemy threatened their abode, the relics were borne for security to the nearest town, all the monks walking in procession, and imploring in their mournful canticles the mercy of God. From the earliest period of the pilgrimages to the East, holy relics were the object of research, and from that time there was no church or monastery but had its shrine, which became its treasure. The bones of saints, it was pretended, cured the sick, converted sinners, and obtained the mercy of heaven for all who visited them; while no pilgrim ever worshipped at the altar, upon which were deposited the mortal remains of a martyr, without leaving a testimony of his feeling. When the Crusades commenced, a vast number of relics were brought from the East, which were deposited in the monasteries, as secure asyla. While the warriors were pillaging the cities of the infidels and heretics, the monks were engaged with a booty, which they regarded as far more precious, and more worthy of the victories gained in the name of Christ.

Frequently they transported their relics from city to city, or from village to village, in order to increase the number of offerings. These translations, resulting rather from avarice than piety, were often attended by various iniquitous deceptions upon the credulity of the vulgar. From the commencement of the twelfth century the Abbé Guibert exclaimed against this custom of carrying about the remains of the saints, "preventing the blessed ones," he says, "enjoying their fitting repose in an immoveable tomb."

A circumstance which added to the power of the religious communities was, that, however rich a monastery might become, each inhabitant of the cloister remained poor. Frequently all the most sumptuous arts were had recourse to in the construction of a monastery, a palace might be the result,-but still the monk would only occupy his narrow cell within its walls; and although popes or prelates might be feasted therein on the richest luxuries, yet his diet would still consist of bread and a few herbs. The vow of poverty was deemed that of all others of which the observance should be held the most sacred; and thus Guibert tells us of a monk, to whose body the rites of sepulture were denied, because he had concealed a few pence about his person. "This belongs to me," was an expression never uttered in a monastery: all love of distinction or glory also must be effectually prohibited to him, who forsakes his very name to assume that of some holy man.

Amid all this personal abnegation, the monastery increased in power. While each monk valued himself as nothing, or as so much dust in the world, there was not a monastery but possessed the pride of the eternal city, and believed that its endurance would be measured only by ages. Among the crowd of solitaries, but one man was remarkable, and that man was the abbot the monks themselves had elected. Independent himself, he received the most implicit submission from the brotherhood; his commands were obeyed as

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religious duty. If by chance he found any portion of the community refractory, he shook the dust from his feet, pronounced a malediction upon the perverted flock, and sought an asylum in another monastery. His malediction and especially his absence, which was looked upon as an abandonment of heaven, almost always speedily restored obedience, and procured a reconciliation.

This supreme power was not, however, arbitrary in its exercise, but submitted to acknowledged regulations. The minutest actions of the cenobites were directed by traditions and customs; and the manner of repairing to the chapter or refectory, their attendance at prayers, and the cutting of their hair and beard, were equally prescribed to them; so, too, were there laws for their conversation and their silence, their vestments and their demeanour. The monastic code, in fact, embodied everything, even to the mortifications and penances, and the innocent recreations of the cloister.

In a monastery there were various offices to be fulfilled, and the division of labour was as well regulated within its walls, as among the inhabitants of an industrious city. To some were committed the temporal interests of the monastery; these superintended the harvest or the vintage, or collected the tributes and dues from the vassals. To one would be committed the charge of the wine, and to another the provision and equal division of the repasts. There were attendants upon the infirmary to whom the care of the sick was consigned, while visitors exercised a surveillance upon the monastery night and day. Every monastery had its gardeners, its wood-cutters, its fishermen, cooks, and bakers, &c. There were officers, who received pilgrims and travellers, and others who distributed to the poor from day to day the donations of the charitable. The services the monks rendered to agriculture and literature are well known. The chroniclers inform us that those who understood reading and psalmody were honoured in the cloisters. The monks who transcribed manuscripts were supposed to be performing an act agreeable in the sight of God; each letter traced upon the parchment was supposed instrumental in effacing a fault. The most celebrated monasteries possessed both library and a school, in which the doctrines of the faith were defended, and the memory of past events preserved. The cenobites wielded at the same time the empire of religion, riches, and knowledge, and thus the deserts enlightened the cities, and ruled the opinions of the age. Nothing shows better the influence of the Church and the spirit of the times than to observe, on the one hand, powerful nobles inclosed in their strong fortresses, and, on the other, these solitaries inhabiting cloisters, which were scarcely closed at all, and defended only by the force of opinion. The peace which prevailed in their vicinity, attracted a numerous population around the religious communities. Many villages and even cities trace their origin to the vicinity of a monastery, of which, indeed, they often bear the name. Frequently princes and nobles requested on their death-beds that their ashes might repose in the church of the monastery, in order that prayers might be repeated night and day near their tombs. From a very ancient custom, the mortal spoils of powerful monarchs were consigned to the keeping of monks.

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Although the same spirit which produced the Crusades had formerly contributed to people the deserts with monks, yet, we do not know in what degree the monasteries, in their turn, contributed to the progress of the holy wars. The deserts, which by the labour of the monks, had become fertile places, were by no means exempted from the tribute imposed for the pay and maintenance of the Christian armies. A great number of monks, in spite of the prohibition of Pope Urban, abandoned their monasteries to follow the banners of the first crusade. In the other expeditions, the cenobites, in

imitation of Peter the Hermit and St. Bernard, exhorted the faithful to take up the cross; but only those among them who could procure money sufficient for so distant a voyage, accompanied the enterprises. It seems to have been believed that a monk served God as well in the cloister as by repairing to the Holy Land, and indeed those who went to settle there were often treated with severity by the cotemporary historians. The Abbé of Clairvaux, whose preaching had sent so many Christians to seek their death in Asia, forbad any of his disciples to cross the seas, and there is reason to believe he did this from his dread of the state of morals in the East.

Towards the termination of the Crusades, the greater part of the monasteries began to lose their reputation and renown. Like political states, they arose by their virtue, and fell by their corruption. Many of these asylums of piety became the hotbeds of vice, and the abandonment of discipline was followed by the neglect of learning. Finally the Church found in these cenobites followers less ardent, and to Rome they proved a less devoted militia than heretofore. New religious orders arose, which were encouraged at once by the respect of the pious and the favour of the pontiffs. Foremost in the rank of these was that of the Brothers of Mercy or of the Trinity, which originated after the Third Crusade, and whose object was the ransoming and release of Christian captives. These venerable men sought afar off all those who bemoaned their fate in the prisons of the infidel; and, true followers of the faith, and lovers of liberty, they never permitted themselves repose, until they had succeeded in rending asunder the chains of the wretched captive. It was during the Sixth Crusade that the two orders of Minor Friars and Preaching Friars arose, who, according to the Abbé d'Usberg, renewed the youthfulness of the Church. The monastic life was now necessarily changed in all particulars. It was no longer considered right that monks should acquire domains and build sumptuous edifices; the former peaceable and contemplative life must be abandoned for one to be passed amid apostolic labours. The silence of solitude was no longer in request, but the almost miraculous powers of discourse employed, by which the voices of these new apostles of Christ proclaimed the doctrines of his religion in the midst of towns and cities. The disciples of St. Francis and St. Dominic, devoting themselves to the spread of education, founded a great number of colleges; and many from among their body, as St. Thomas d'Aquinas, and St. Bonaventura, filled with distinction the professorships of scholastic philosophy. We will not follow them in their contests with the established clergy, who frequently manifested themselves jealous of their credit and influence, nor through their religious warfare, in which charity was not always uppermost in their preachings. We like better to follow their pious track under the burning sun of Africa, in the north of Asia, and in the most remote places of the East. While the Moors still ravaged Spain, and the Tartars shook the thrones of the most powerful monarchs, and menaced all Christendom, humble priests visited the inhabitants of the Niger, traversed the vast deserts of Tartary, penetrated to the Yellow Sea; and, as peaceful conquerors, armed but with the Gospel, they extended the empire of Christ, and planted the standard of his cross in the extremities of the known world. The Christian colonies which they planted among pagan nations, or savage tribes, have endured for a much longer space of time, than those establishments which were founded by the Crusaders.

J. C.

SHAME is a feeling of profanation. Friendship, love, and piety ought to be handled with a sort of mysterious secrecy; they ought to be spoken of only in the rare moments of perfect confidence, to be mutually understood in silence. Many things are too delicate to be thought-many more to be spoken.-NOVALIS.

THE NAVY AND ARMY.
'Union is Strength.",

THE NAVY.
YE guardians of Old England!
Ye bulwarks of the seas;
Whose union-jack is floating now
In triumph on the breeze;
Ye noble mariners who sail
In glory o'er the tide,

Whose iron arms are true and strong,
Your country's boast and pride;
We wish ye health, ye mariners,
And may ye never be
Without a compass or a helm,
To guide you o'er the sea.
May happiness attend your way,
Along the boundless main,

And wealth and honour bring you back
Unto your land again.

Health, ye mariners of England,

Who plough the raging seas! "Whose flag hath braved a thousand years,

The battle and the breeze :"
And may your broad and snowy sails
From danger float unfurl'd;
And as ye sail, proclaim this land
The empress of the world.
May honour's cause invoke your song,
And freedom's banner ride,
An emblem of your loyal hearts,
In glory o'er the tide.

May victory's wreath your brows entwine
And laurel-leaves the name

Of this our land emblazon forth
Upon the scroll of fame.

THE ARMY.

The soldiery of England!
And may they ever stand
The fearless champions of our rights,
The heroes of our land!

May Hope attend them on their way,
Unto the battle field,

And Glory bring them back again,
To rest upon each shield.
But should some proud invading foe
Set foot upon our land,
These lion-hearts must rise once more,
With sword and gun in hand.
The soldiery of England,

The loyal and the brave,
Who'll long protect their native land,
And fight, their Queen to save!
Who'll rise, whenever duty calls,
The British flag to raise,
And fight beneath that banner true,
Amidst the battle's blaze.

We wish ye health, ye noble ones!

And may ye ever stand,
The brave defenders of our rights,
The saviours of our land.

Naval and Military Gazelle

A CONFIDENT PICKPOCKET. CHARLES THE SECOND loved what may be called fun as much as the youngest of his courtiers. On one of his birthdays, an impudent rascal of a pickpocket had obtained admission to the drawing-room, in the garb of a gentleman. He had succeeded in extracting a gold snuff-box from a nobleman's pocket, and was quietly transferring it to his own, when, looking up, he suddenly caught the King's eye, and discovered that he had been perceived by his Majesty. The fellow, aware, in all probability, of the King's character, had the impudence to put his finger to his nose, and winked knowingly at Charles to hold his tongue. Shortly afterwards, the King was much amused by perceiving the nobleman feeling one pocket after another in search of his treasure. At last he could resist no longer; and looking about him, (probably to make certain that the thief had escaped,) he called out to the injured person, "You need not, my Lord, give yourself any more trouble about it; your box is gone, and I own myself an accomplice. I could not help it, I was made a confidant."-JESSE.

JOHN W. PARKER, PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND, LONDON,

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THE rudiments of this extensive stronghold seem to have been erected by William Peverel, on whom the manor of Bolsover was conferred by William the Conqueror. The castle was built on the western brow of a range of limestone rocks, at a great elevation, and has long served as a land-mark for the surrounding country. It was held, in conjunction with the Peak Castle*, under the same constable or governor. In 1153 the castle and manor were forfeited to the Crown, and in the reign of Richard the First Bolsover was bestowed upon John, earl of Mortaigne, afterwards king of England. In the reign of John, the castle was seized by the disaffected barons, who retained it until 1215, when it was retaken for the King, by William Ferrers, earl of Derby, who, as an acknowledgment for this service, was appointed governor. In the seventeenth year of the reign of John, the castle was fortified against the insurgent barons, and the King appointed Gerard de Furnival to make it his family residence, for the better preservation of the peace of the neighbouring districts.

During several succeeding reigns the castellans were frequently changed; the manor and castle reverting to the Crown on the death or attainder of the occupant. In * Described in Saturday Magazine, Vol. XXV., p. 41. VOL. XXV,

the reign of Henry the Eighth, the castles of Bolsover and Hareston were granted to Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk; but they reverted to the crown on the attainder o his son, the second duke. In the fifth of Edward the Sixth, a lease of Bolsover Castle, for fifty years, was granted to Sir John Byron. and two years afterwards the fee-farm was granted to George Talbot, knight, Lord Talbot; and in 1608, George Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, and others, granted a lease of the manor for one thousand years, to Sir Charles Cavendish, knight, for a rent of 10l. per annum; and five years after, the same earl sold the manor to Sir Charles, who immediately commenced the erection of the castellated mansion at the north end. The son of Sir Charles, who was so greatly distinguished for his loyalty during the reign of Charles the First, entertained that monarch three times at Bolsover Castle. The expense of the first reception was calculated at 40007, of the second nearly 15,000. At this entertainment the Queen was present. Lord Clarendon refers to the first entertainment as "such an excess of feasting as had scarce ever been known in England before, and would be still thought very prodigious if the same noble person had not, within a year or two afterwards, made the King and Queen a more 793

stupendous entertainment, which, (God be thanked,) though possibly it might too much whet the appetite of others to excess, no man after those days imitated."

The magnificent host of these entertainments is distinguished in the history of the Civil Wars, as the Earl and Marquess of Newcastle; at the Restoration he was created Duke of Newcastle The Duchess, in her memoirs of her illustrious consort says, that the King liked the first entertainment so well that "a year after his return out of Scotland, he was pleased to send my lord word, that her majesty the Queen was resolved to make a progress into the northern parts, desiring him to prepare the like entertainment for her majesty, as he had formerly done for him; which my lord did, and endeavoured for it with all possible care and industry, sparing nothing that might add splendour to the feast, which both their majesties were pleased to honour with their presence. Ben Jonson he employed in fitting up such scenes and speeches as he could best devise, and sent for all the gentry of the county to come and wait on their majesties; and, in short, did all that ever he could to render it great, and worthy of their royal acceptance."

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The entertainments provided by Ben Jonson were a series of masques: the first was entitled Love's Welcome in which the object was merely to introduce, in a kind of anti-masque, a course of quintain, performed by the gentlemen of the county, neighbours to the earl, in the guise of rustics, in which much awkwardness was affected, and much real dexterity probably shown. The entertainment, which is for the most part quaint and ludicrous, concludes with an eulogium on Charles, of which the following is a sample:

such a king

As men would wish, that knew not how to hope His like, but seeing him! A prince, that's law Unto himself; is good for goodness' sake, And so becomes the rule unto his subjects! That studies not to seem or to show great, But be:-not drest for other's eyes and ears, With visions and false rumours, but makes fame Wait on his actions, and thence speak his name. The masque performed before the King and Queen in the following year (30th July 1634), was also called Love's Welcome. It commences with a piece sung "by two tenors and a bass," while the King and Queen sat at banquet. After the banquet their majesties were . entertained with dialogues and dances of mechanics, in which Ben Jonson vents his spleen against Inigo Jones, the architect, whom he introduces under the appellation of Colonel Vitruvius. A second banquet was then set down before the King and Queen "from the clouds by two loves, Eros and Anteros: one as the King's, the other as the Queen's, differenced by their garlands only: his of white and red roses, the other of lilies interwoven, gold, silver, purple, &c., with a bough of palm in his hand cleft a little at the top; they were both armed and winged; with bows, and quivers, cassocks, breeches, buskins, gloves, and perukes alike. They stood silent awhile, wondering at one another, till at last the lesser of them (Eros) began to speak." Their conversation, which is fantastical and metaphysical, is in rhyme, and is interrupted by Philalethes, who tells them, that should they swear to these refined reasons and proportions of the affections, they "would hardly get credit above a fable, here, in the edge of Derbyshire, the region of all." The same character concludes the masque, with a complimentary address to their majesties in prose.

During the Civil Wars, the Earl of Newcastle was commander-in-chief of the King's forces in the northern and midland districts, and Bolsover Castle was garrisoned for the King; but it was captured by the parliamentary forces and sold. It was about to be demolished, but Sir Charles Cavendish, younger brother of the Earl of Newcastle, found means to re-purchase it of the parliamentarians, at an advanced price, and thus prevented its total demolition.

In the year 1691, at the death of Henry, the second

duke of Newcastle, without issue, the estates devolved to his sister and co-heiress, Margaret; this lady married John Holles, earl of Clare, who, in 1694, was created Duke of Newcastle. Their only daughter Henrietta, married Edward Harley, earl of Oxford, whose sole heiress, Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley, brought the manor or barony of Bolsover, to William, duke of Portland, the grandfather of the present noble duke. The ancient Norman structure, erected by William Peverel, has entirely disappeared, and it is supposed that the present structure, a square building of brown stone, occupies its site. This building, erected at different periods, is of considerable extent. The oldest part of the present structure (which is now occupied) was erected by the command of Sir Charles Cavendish, about 1613. The interior of this portion of Bolsover Castle exhibits a curious specimen of the domestic arrangements and accommodations of the age when it was built. The rooms are small, and the walls are wainscotted, and fancifully inlaid and painted. The ceilings of the best generally of plaster. apartments are carved and gilt, and the floors are

The present appearance of Bolsover Castle is singular. Mr. Glover, in his County History of Derby, quotes from The Topographer a description from which the following account has been slightly abridged.

Some large gates being passed, the visitor soon enters upon the noble terrace, raised high by art as well as by nature, that forms the western side, and overlooking a fruitful valley, commands the park and seat of Sutton, and a rich circle of country. Along this terrace stands the range of building, now reduced to a shell, built by the Duke of Newcastle. Further on is the house built by his father. A broad flight of steps leads to the entrance, on each side of which are porter's lodges. Having passed these we enter into a high inclosed paved court, where a regular front presents itself in the form somewhat of the letter E; viz., two small wings, and a lesser in the centre: in the latter is the porch, and over the door is a kneeling figure of an Hercules, who supports on his shoulders a heavy balcony; two lions sculptured in stone stand by his side; above are the arms of Cavendish and a coronet; and through it a passage leads to the hall, which is not large, but perfectly consonant with the building, being supported in the centre by two pillars, from whence, and from brackets in the side of the wall issue the ramifications of the ribbed roof. The hall is adorned with some old portraits, of no great value, and in the different compartments are painted the labours of Hercules.

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Passing through an ante-room we arrive at the diningroom, or as it was formerly called, "the Pillar Parlour,' from the circumstance of a circular column of stone in the centre of the room, which supports the ceiling. Round this pillar is the dining table; the walls are wainscotted, and richly ornamented with many oldfashioned devices, partly gilt, in the manner of James the First's time. Emblematical representations of the five senses occupy various compartments round the upper part of the room. The windows, which are made to correspond with the interior decorations, command extensive views; the chimney-piece of this room is very gaudy and expensive: a remark that applies to nearly every room in the house. The staircase is of stone, and leads to a very fine room called the Star-Chamber, rich in all the ornaments of the day, carved and gilt, with painted wainscot, a deep cornice adorned with arms, a rich chimney-piece, fine old furniture, and numerous windows, from whence are magnificent prospects; the walls are decorated with portraits of the twelve Roman emperors. The bed-chambers, &c., are numerous. long and narrow flight of steps leads to the roof, from whence the view is nearly boundless.

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At the head of the first staircase a door opens to the garden wall, which is so broad as to allow three or four

persons to walk abreast, and enjoy the delightful prospect.

On a pillar under the dome in the passage are the following lines, written by the present occupant of the castle, the Rev. W. Tinsley, which convey a just and thoughtful reproof against the silly custom common to so many visitors, of defacing a time-honoured relic, by scratching upon its surface their own obscure names:Let not each conceited fribble,

Whose fingers itch his name to scribble,

Dare to pollute these time-tried walls :
Bethink thee, how have passed thy fleeting days?
If void of honour,-undeserving praise;

On thee nor time, nor fame has calls,
Unnoticed mayst thou live,-unnoticed die,
As weeds that spring weeds only to supply.
But you! ye nobly great! ye truly wise!
Though virtue, and not fame, you prize,

Find here fit tablet for a deathless name:
This pile, like you, may well defy
Each storm that howls along the sky;
Its base remains the same,
And proudly on its native rock,

Shall long resist the tempest's shock.

The deficiencies of these rooms were supplied by a range of buildings, now in ruins, standing on a noble terrace, commanding a magnificent prospect in its full extent; the side-walls, and the floor of the apartments, which were entered from the terrace by a grand flight of steps, are all that remain, the roof having long since been taken off. The proposed extent of this structure may be judged of, from the dimensions of the gallery, which is 220 feet in length by 28 wide. The diningroom was 78 by 33 feet, and other apartments on a corresponding scale of magnificence. There were two entrances into this noble range of buildings. Out of the great court, entering the dining-room, was a stately door-case and over the door were cut three coats of arms within the garter. In a scroll was written the family motto-Cavendo tutus, (Secure from Caution.)

The designs of Bolsover Castle are said to have been furnished by Huntingdon Smithson, who was sent by the Duke of Newcastle to Italy to collect materials. Walpole says that "many of his drawings were purchased by the late Lord Byron from his descendants, who lived at Bolsover." Mr. Glover says, "The immense pile of building that his genius contributed to produce is gradually, though slowly, wearing away. Trees now grow in some of the apartments, and the ivy creeps along the walls, but there is nothing strikingly picturesque in any part of the structure, which is now in ruins. The best view of Bolsover Castle is from the road, on the northeast entrance into the town, from a place called Iron Cliff. From the Chesterfield road below, a good view of the whole structure may be obtained, but the almost total want of majestic trees and luxuriant foliage, renders it but an indifferent subject for the pencil."

A broad terrace commences at the northern extremity of the castle and extends along the whole part of the building; it then sweeps round the southern side of the village and inclines towards the east. On the right border of this terrace four watch-towers yet remain.

In a small garden adjoining the old residence is a fountain which was formerly celebrated. It stands in an octagon reservoir six feet deep, which received the water from the images and heads placed in the angles and sides. Four of these figures resemble griffins, standing upon semicircular pedestals; they are of stone and well executed; in the other four angles are figures like satyrs, sitting astride on birds, probably eagles; but they are so mutilated that their precise shape cannot be discovered; on the sides are arched niches, containing busts of eight of the Roman emperors, made of alabaster. In the centre is a square rusticated pedestal, with ornaments projecting from the angles. Towards the middle is a cistern, which was to receive the water from the masks on the sides of the pedestal, through which pipes are

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In Bolsover Church are many inscriptions dedicated to the Cavendish family; among which the following is remarkable:—

CHARLES CAVENDISH TO HIS SONS.

Sonnes, seek not me among these polished stones,
These only hide part of my flesh and bones,
Which did they nere so neat or proudly dwell,
Will all be dust, and may not make me swell.

Let such as have outlived all praise,
Trust in the tombs their careful friends do raise;
I made my life my monument and yours,
To which there's no material that endures.

Nor yet inscription like it, write but that,
And teache your nephews it to imitate,
It will be matter loude enough to tell,

Not when I died, but how I lived.-Farewell.

THE parts of a medal are the two sides, one whereof is called the face, head, or obverse, the other the reverse. On each side is the area or field, the rim or border, and the exergum, which is beneath the ground whereon the figures represented are placed. On the two sides are distinguished the type, and the inscription or legend. The type, or device, is the figure represented; the legend is the writing, especially that around the medal, though in the Greek medals the inscription is frequently on the area. What we find in the exergum is, generally, no more than some initial letters, whose meaning we are usually unacquainted with, though sometimes they contain words that may be accounted an inscription. The exergum sometimes contains the date of the coin, expressing in what consulship of the emperor it was struck, as COS. III. upon the reverse of an Antostruck, and to which the coin properly belonged, as S. M. ninus. Sometimes it signifies the place where it was AL., for Signata Moneta Alexandria, upon the reverse of a Licinius; sometimes the name of a province, the reduc-. tion of which the medal is designed to celebrate, as JUDEA on the reverse of a Vespasian. Medals usually have their figures in higher relief than coins.-Philosophy in Sport.

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THE probability that any particular person shall ever be qualified for the employments to which he is educated, is very different in different occupations. In the greatest part of the mechanic trades success is almost certain, but in the liberal professions it is very uncertain. Put your son apprentice to a shoemaker, there is little doubt of his learning to make a pair of shoes; but send him to study the law, it is at least twenty to one if he ever makes such proficiency as will enable him to live by the business. In a perfectly fair lottery, those who draw the prizes ought to gain all that is lost by those who draw the blanks. In a

profession where twenty fail for one that succeeds, that one ought to gain all that should have been gained by the unsuccessful twenty. The counsellor at law, who, perhaps, at near forty years of age begins to make something by his profession, ought to receive the retribution, not only of his own so tedious and expensive education, but also of that of more than twenty others who are never likely to make any thing by it. How extravagant soever the fees of counsellors at law may sometimes appear, their real compensation is never equal to this.-SMITH'S Wealth of Nations.

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