eye on the object than did Walter Scott have to have his on Elizabethan England or feudal France. Shakespeare gathered facts and materials from documents, plays, chronicles, anything from the world of print, and these facts and materials he recreated by his all-compelling mastery of language. If he had "high culture," he received much of it from verbal descriptions, illuminated and beautified by the vision of the mind's eye. The great defect of critical scholarship is that it often seems incapable of comprehending the workings of the creative imagination; it does not comprehend how an artist can take a suggestion and complete a picture as Cuvier could take an ankle-joint and reconstruct a mastodon.

If we seem to be captious in our judgment of Mr. Garnett's form, it is for the reason that his style is unsuited to the purpose he has in view. As regards subject matter, his work, on the whole, is more satisfying. If it lacks distinction, it has the excellence of an encyclopædia; that is to say, it is intellectually sound.

For Mr. Gosse's share in the history we have nothing but praise. His work, in fact, could hardly be better done. He gathers in all the essential facts and recreates them in epitomes that appeal both to the intellect as knowledge and to the imagination as life. Simple, trenchant, pithy, his style has the value of vital interpretation and the power of pictorial art. He has the unerring discernment and the gift of expression. To quote the good things from his volume would be to reprint it almost in its entirety. We must content ourselves with a single example:

Then here is William Blake, for whom the classic traditions and forms have nothing to say at all; whose ethereal imagination and mystic mind have taken their deepest impression from the Elizabethan dramatists and from Ossian; whose aim, fitfully and fevrously accomplished, is to fling the roseate and cerulean fancies of his brain on a gossamer texture, woven out of the songs of Shakespeare and the echoes of Fingal's airy hall; a poet, this, for whom time and habit and the conventions of the age do not exist; who is no more nor less at home in 1785 than he would be in 1585 or 1985; on whom his own epoch, with its tastes and limitations, has left no mark whatever; a being all sen

sitiveness and lyric passion and delicate aerial mystery.

Mr. Gosse tells us that Sir Walter Scott, once the idol of Europe, was returned to his own countrymen as an antique after the appearance of Balzac. At present Continental criticism relegates him among those whose art has become old-fashioned and whose fame is a recollection. English readers, however, still find him unimpaired-a writer whose "tone" is the most perfect in our literature, in that it contains nothing petulant, morbid, or base.

In his account of the vogue of Lord Byron, Mr. Gosse, unlike some of his compatriot critics, takes the European rather than the insular view to explain his tremendous influence. The time was when Englishmen, going with Carlyle, regarded Byron as "a big sulky dandy," who strutted across the stage like a matinée idol, bewailing his cankering woes, and keeping his eye half open to see the effect on the audience. Such, no doubt, Byron was in the first part of his career. But "the perdurable Byron " was the titanic poet of the Weltschmerz ; the poet who, in the face of Metternich and the Holy Alliance, "placed his invincible I with hate and scorn against the forces of oppression;" the poet who inspired Leopardi in Italy, Espronceda in Spain, Puschkin in Russia, Heine in Germany, and Hugo and De Musset in France. If he was not a constructive power for liberty, he was of resistance and revolt, and to the last he maintained his position with that courage which neither submits nor yields. Among the defeated apostles of liberalism he was unconquered, and to his influence, the world over, must be ascribed much of the success of our modern democracy. For, like Rousseau in the preceding generation, he revealed to men that, not in the assumption of divinity by kings, but in the individual will, lay the source of authority and the sovereignty of govern

ment.

Mr. Gosse is a critic who is at once vigorous and conscious of his own fallibility; for him an ipse dixit is merely an obiter dictum. He concludes his literary history of the nineteenth century with an epilogue in which he reviews the

course of criticism and states his general attitude. A critic, he declares, has a series of æsthetic principles, and these he applies and interprets under the guidance of his own personal temperament. The result is an opinion which serves its time and passes into obscurity by the reversal of a later court of appeal. The little systems have their day and cease to be. This is the fate of all dogmatic codes. The history of criticism is a record of prejudices and misapprehensions. If we should compare the sincere opinions of Ben Jonson, Dryden, Voltaire, Goethe, and Dr. Georg Brandes about Hamlet, we should have difficulty

in believing that they were discussing the same character, so varied would be their interpretations. "In our own day we have read in the private letters of Matthew Arnold-one of the most clairvoyant observers of the last generation— judgments on current books and men which are already seen to be patently incorrect."

In conclusion, the reviewer is free to assert that this Illustrated History of English Literature, except for a few minor reservations, is the most complete that has yet appeared, and as such it can justly claim to supersede its predecessors in the field of popular exposition.

Anna the Adventuress. By E. Phillips

Oppenheim. Illustrated. Little, Brown & Co.,
Boston. 5x8 in. 320 pages. $1.50.

A sensational story of no literary worth. Essay on John Milton (An). By Lord Macaulay. (Eclectic English Classics.) The American Book Co., New York. 4×7 in. 85 pages. 20c.

Folly of Others (The). By Neith Boyce. Fox, Duffield & Co., New York. 44×7 in. 232

pages.

A common spirit runs through all the stories in this volume, a clear vision of the grim realities of life, tinged slightly with cynicism. and wholesome in final effect Some of the tales are set in California, others apparently in Eastern cities. The most elaborate and thoughtful is "A Provident Woman," the most beautiful and appealing is "The Mother."

Four Roads to Paradise. By Maud Wilder
Goodwin. Illustrated. The Century Co., New
York. 5x7 in. 347 pages. $1.50.
This thoroughly modern story holds the
attention despite the reader's exasperation
with the very human foibles of the characters,
from the young minister who "may accom-
plish great things if the women will let him
alone," to the lady who begins a search for
happiness on the basis that "if only one can
be happy, it might as well be I as the other
one." The movement never flags, the talk
is bright if superficial, and the contrasts
between the various individuals are well
brought out.

Greater America. By Archibald R. Col-
quhoun. With Maps. Harper & Bros., New
York. 6x9 in. 436 pages. $2.50, net.
Reserved for later notice.

Historians' History of the World (The): A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by over Two Thousand of the Great Writers of All Ages. Edited, with the Assistance of a Distinguished Board of Advisers and Contributors, by Henry Smith Williams, LL.D. In 25 vols. Vol. VI. The Early Roman Empire. Vol. VII. The Later Roman Empire. Vol. X. Spain and Portugal. Vol. XII. France, 1715-1815. Illustrated. The Outlook Co., New York. 7×101⁄2 in. Reserved for later notice.

History of the United States of America. By Henry William Elson. The Macmillan Co., New York 5X8 in. 954 pages. $1.75, net. Reserved for later notice.

House in the Woods (The). By Arthur Henry. Illustrated. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York. 5x74 in. 323 pages. $1.50. "Back to nature" is the modern cry, if we heed the many books written in recent years by those who experiment or theorize upon the subject. The author of "An Island Cabin" finally abandoned both cabin and city and went to live in the Catskills. He relates his quiet and most useful adventures in a curiously matter-of-fact tone, varied by flights toward philosophy and idealism quite surprising in their suddenness. He and Nancy built their House in the Woods, and in the process made friends with all their working neighbors. They soon found, however, that if they would live in their palace of dreams they must do the chores. Incessant toil, weary muscles, and some disappointments went to the taming of their mountain farm, but contentment followed, and with cows, chickens, pigs, and products of field and fruit trees, the author and Nancy settled down to cozy winter life, the mercury in the twenties below zero, and for diversion a

country dance every three weeks. We are truly grateful to Mr. Henry that he has spared us the interpretation of the wild life about him. He confines his study of character to human beings, and slowly learns the lessons of the forest, which are revealed only to the man willing to work and wrest a living from timber, rock, stream, and soil. How to Identify Old China. By Mrs. Willoughby Hodgson. Illustrated. George Bell & Sons, London. 52X81⁄2 in. 165 pages. With its comprehensive description and numerous illustrations of specimens and hallmarks, this book will render valuable aid to the amateur collector of old English china. How to Do Beadwork. By Mary White.

Illustrated. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 5x7 in. 142 pages. 90c., net.

To those who wish to learn the craft of beading, which may be pursued either as an art or a diversion, or as a means for making charming gifts, we commend this manual of Miss White's. The instructions given are plain and definite, the illustrations are numerous and useful, and the directions regarding beads and thread and looms are thorough and practical.

How to Sleep. Edited by Marian M. George.

F. J. George, Berwyn, Ill. 52x74 in. 95 pages.

50c.

J. J. Bell. Harper & Bros., New York. 42x7 in. 214 pages. $1.25.

One does not always understand the speech of "Wee MacGregor," but there is no more doubt of its naturalness in the reader's mind than there is of the truth and charm of the characters of the little boy and his doting relatives. These "later adventures" of the small Scotchman should win for him new friends, as they will hold the old.

Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, & Power,

of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, By Thomas Hobbes. Edited by A. R. Waller. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5x8 in. 532 pages.

A new edition in one substantial volume of a book which is one of the authorities in English writing, originally issued in 1651. The present edition is a reprint from the copy of the first issue, with only such changes in spelling as would make the text more available to the eye of the modern reader, and with such changes in punctuation as will secure the same effect. A brief index of persons and places other than Scriptural has been added at the end of the volume, and a list of readings different from the accepted text. The book is printed from a type of good size and is a substantial piece of workmanship.

Life of John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts, 1861-1865. By H. Greenleaf Pearson. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. $5, net. Reserved for later notice.

Little Mitchell: Story of a Mountain Squirrel. By Margaret W. Morley. Illustrated. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. 5x71⁄2 in. 230 pages. A very pretty little story of a squirrel rescued from death in his babyhood and carried all the way to Boston from his native Carolina mountain, where he grows into a very affectionate if mischievous pet.

Manchuria and Korea. By H. J. Whigham.

Illustrated. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 534x9 in. 245 pages. $2, net.

Merely a superficial account of the author's travels and observations in Manchuria and Korea shortly after the suppression of the Boxer uprising. It contains some interesting information relative to the theater of war in the Far East, but is loosely written and has the fatal defect of being given over largely to speculations concerning the relations between Japan and Russia, speculations which were proved erroneous even before the work went to press. Such a statement as, "One is more and more convinced that what used to be talked about a short time ago as the inevitable war between Russia and Japan is destined to end in smoke, since the Japanese have already lost their great opportunity," makes strange reading nowadays. The book is prefaced with a note in which it is stated that "the following chapters were written by the author at the close of 1903, but, owing to his sudden departure for the seat of war, he had no opportunity of revising them." It is a pity that he did not commission a friend to execute the much-needed revision, or, better still, withhold his work until his return from the seat of that war which he had predicted would not eventuate.

Memoirs of a Baby (The). By Josephine Harper & Bros., New

Daskam. Illustrated.

York. 5x7 in. 271 pages. $1.50.

Josephine Daskam has made herself an authority on child life, especially the most human side of it-the side of mischief, of humor, of inventiveness, of occasional destructiveness, and always of thorough humanness. This volume is one of her most characteristic pieces of work. She seems to have penetrated to the inner consciousness of the baby, and not only made clear what is there, but also brought out the characteristics and traits of male and female relatives of various degrees of consanguinity. "The Memoirs of a Baby" probably does not belong to permanent literature; but in this strenuous and intense age it is one of the books that ought to be read by way of rest and relaxation.

Methods of Industrial Peace. By Nicholas

Paine Gilman. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. $1.60, net.

We unhesitatingly commend this work to the earnest consideration of our readers. It is a sane and unbiased examination of present-day conditions in the world of labor,

and a sincere effort to suggest practical means for the promotion of good relations between employer and employed. Written at once from the standpoint of the three parties involved in every industrial dispute capital, labor, and the public—it presents the case of each clearly, and at the same time dwells upon not only the rights but the duties of each. Their interdependence cannot be a matter of discussion, but it is, unfortunate ly, true that this interdependence is often not recognized, and the need of effecting methods for the establishment of its permanent recognition is urgent. The events of recent years have brought forcibly home the imperfections of a system whereby industrial war is so frequent that it may almost be called the prevailing condition. Professor Gilman, ever careful to substantiate his statements by statistics and references to trustworthy authorities, points out that during the period 1881-1900 there were in the United States 22,793 strikes and 1,005 lockouts, entailing a loss to employees of $306,683,233 and to employers of $142,659,104, the total number of persons thrown out of work being 6,610,001. As he says, "These are large figures for a civilized country to face." The specific problem, therefore, is the prevention of strikes and lockouts, and to this problem he applies himself with energy and directness. An essential condition is the acknowledgment by employer and employed of the right of each to organize in "unions." A second essential is the incorporation of such organizations to make binding the joint agreement, or "collective bargain," to use Mrs. Sidney Webb's happy term, entered into by employer and employed as contracting parties. The objections of the trade-unions to incorporation are reviewed and frankly criticised, the author holding, however, that the law should carefully specify for what purposes the unions are incorporated. "If trade-unionists are sincerely afraid that incorporation will expose them to persecution in the way of litigation for damages," he pointedly observes, "they might at least reconcile themselves to incorporation for special purposes-mainly for the purpose of forming trade agreements with employers' associations, for which both parties could be held legally responsible." Into the trade agreements themselves should always enter a clause providing for the resort to some form of arbitration in the event of disputes arising under the agreements. This, as Professor Gilman says, is a point of the first importance. Of great importance also is the formation of "conciliation committees " in every industrial establishment, for the purpose of settling minor grievances that might reach large proportions. Briefly, this is his programme for the upbuilding of industrial peace. Beyond it, however, in the event of the failure of the contracting parties to adjust their difficulties themselves, or "resort freely to external voluntary agencies like the National Civic Federation or to State boards of arbitration," lies the ques

tion of the development of some form of compulsory arbitration, or, as the author prefers to call it, "legal regulation" of labor disputes. The form chiefly commending itself to him is that so successfully employed in New Zealand; but he acknowledges that it has yet to stand the test of "hard times," and that neither England nor America is ready for its introduction. We would add that Professor Gilman's detailed survey of the history, aims, and methods of trade-unionism in English-speaking countries, an integral part of his work, is characterized by the liberality and avoidance of pedantry that are noticeable in the development of his leading theme.

Modern Crisis in Religion (The). By George C. Lorimer. The Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 5x8 in. 278 pages. $1, net. Dr. Lorimer has done well in bringing this topic forward. Whether one agree or not with his conclusions as to where the weak point is, it is certain that institutional or organized religion, as represented by the churches, has to some serious extent lost its grip on the community. Consequently there is a crisis, that is, a serious question whether the grip can be strengthened, or whether it will still further weaken. There was such a crisis a century ago, when French atheism was popular. To-day the crisis is not from an intellectual but a moral cause. Dr. Lorimer's chapter on "The Arrest of Ethical Progress makes this plain, though he does not put it, as he might, into the focus of his argument. He holds that the age is practically at a standstill morally; that the Church has not fulfilled her duty of moral leadership; that there is need of an ethical revival, a correction of her moral "astigmatism." The practical aspects of the crisis are very clearly presented in chapters on "The Religious Problem of the City," "The Redemption of the City," "Christ and the Country Church," "The Church and the Workshop," in a way to lead the thoughtful to heartsearching reflection. But we regard it as strikingly wrong to aver that Biblical criticism has put the very existence of the Church "at stake," while teachers claiming to be orthodox are sapping the foundations of her faith." This is simply confounding faith in Christ with belief in creeds, and faith in divine revelation with special interpretations of its record. Nor can we share Dr. Lorimer's fear that "The Peril of Protestantism" is in the growth of prelatical and Romanist interests. On the whole, however, these chapters are a timely contribution to a discussion out of which both truth and deed must come.

New Century History of the United States (The). By Edward Eggleston. Illustrated. The American Book Co., New York. 52×8 in. 453

pages.

Old-Time Schools and School-Books. By Clifton Johnson. Illustrated. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5×8 in. 380 pages. $2, net. One is not obliged to have fully developed antiquarian tastes to enjoy this book, though

doubtless to the true antiquary it will give most joy. It is a storehouse of relics-delightfully quaint reprints of texts and cuts from a wonderful collection of superannuated primers, spellers, and other manuals—and a mine of information concerning educational beginnings in this country, entertainingly

worked for the reader's benefit.

Our Mountain Garden. By Mrs. Theodore Thomas (Rose Fay). Illustrated. The Macmillan Co., New York. 54x734 in. 212 pages. $1.50, net.

An especial pleasure awaits the reader of the story of "Felsengarten," as Mrs. Thomas calls her home-made mountain garden lying upon a slope in the New Hampshire hills looking out towards Mount Lafayette. Endowed with a love of the soil and a fine sense of the artistic uses of color, and aided by an "encouraging husband" (not a "man of wrath"), Mrs. Thomas began to develop the beauties of the wilderness, and succeeded in guiding, not restraining, them. She is a modest gardener-referring to the "wise ones" who know everything about flowers and are quite willing to advise and inspires timid folk with a new ardor for conquest. Her lily-bed, her blossoming stone wall, her devotion to real manual toil, and the charming results perceptible in her spirit as well as in the photographs she shares with us, all prove the blessing of work out-of-doors. We cannot doubt the benefit that the "Meister" Theodore Thomas received from "Felsengarten "—a calming, strengthening influence after a strenuous winter of music

in crowded cities.

Outlines of Pastoral Theology: For Young

Ministers and Students. Translated and Edited by the late Rev. William Hastie, D.D. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 5x7 in. 78 pages. 75c., net.

Rat-Trap (The). By Dolf Wyllarde. John Lane, New York. 5x7 in. 299 pages. A study of a small British island dependency in which the few military and civil officers and their wives wearily struggle against tedium and temptation like rats in a trap. There is not a little that is objectionable in the story, and one especially revolts at the ease with which the young woman, widowed by the plotting of the commandant who sends her husband to disgrace and death as David did Uriah, accepts the commandant's love. Religion and Liberty: Addresses and Papers

at the Second International Council of Unitarian and Other Religious Thinkers and Workers held in Amsterdam, September, 1903. Edited by P. H. Hugenholtz, Jr. Late E. J. Brill, Leyden. 5x7 in. 519 pages.

Rather more than half of the addresses collected in this volume, including translations, are in English; the remainder are in German, French, and Dutch. Some of them are of special importance; among such are the addresses of Professor Pfleiderer, of Berlin, Professor Réville, of Paris, Profes sor Montet, of Geneva, and the Rev. P. H. Wicksteed, of London. Three addresses by American delegates, Dr. I. H. Crooker, of

Ann Arbor, Dr. S. A. Eliot, and Mr. E. D.
Mead, of Boston, are included in the volume.
Republican Party (The): A History of its

Fifty Years' Existence and a Record of its
Measures and Leaders, 1854-1904. By Francis
Curtis. In 2 vols. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's
Sons, New York. 6x9 in. $6, net.

Reserved for later notice.

Robert Burns. By T. F. Henderson. Illustrated. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 44X7 in. 202 pages. $1, net.

This is a friendly biography, in which an earnest effort is made to show in small compass the development of the famous bard's and there we observe a distinct tendency to genius through his checkered career. Here deal over-leniently with the poet's shortcomings, but, viewed as a whole, the work is characterized by candor, and we are left with a fairly comprehensive picture and a environment in molding Burns. In regard good idea of the part played by heredity and to the study of Burns the man, however, it is to be noted that Mr. Henderson fails to

bring out the fact that, so far as worldly success was concerned, the poet's greatest enemy was himself. That the biographer is not lacking in critical acumen is, on the other hand, amply evident, and never more so than in the studied estimate of Burns's place in the world of letters, with which the work closes. Here any disposition to heroworship is sternly repressed, and as a result Mr. Henderson arrives at an eminently fair abounds in useful information about the and just appraisal. The little volume interesting history connected with many of the minor as well as of the major poems, and will serve admirably as an introduction to the study of Burns.

Robert Burns. By Thomas Carlyle. (Ec-
lectic English Classics.) The American Book Co.,
New York. 4X74 in. 90 pages. 20c.
Rulers of Kings. By Gertrude Atherton.

Harper & Bros., New York. 5×71⁄2 in. 413 pages.

If by any chance Royalty should read Mrs. Atherton's book, we doubt not it would be taken as a specimen of American humor, always so difficult of comprehension to the foreigner. But the author takes herself and her remarkable hero (a thirty-year-old New York billionaire and ruler of kings) and his equally amazing sister with entire seriousness. It is the reader's privilege, however, to get from these, as from all pages, amusement if he can and will.

Social Progress: A Year Book and Encyclopædia of Economic, Industrial, Social, and Religious Statistics, 1904. By Josiah Strong. The Baker & Taylor Co., New York. 52x81⁄2 in. 273 pages. $1, net.

A very useful reference-book, containing not only statistics in tabulated form, but summarized statements of social conditions and advance. The field covered is very wide. Census figures, vital, commercial, industrial, educational, and religious statistics, reform movements, directories of societies and journals, addresses of writers and leaders in social reform, and a classified bibliography, are included, with a full index.