through the mails. 502 ballots were received by the Secretary. J.J. Storrow, '85, Boston, received 448 votes; R. D. Wrenn, '95, New York, 421; B. G. Waters, '94, Boston, 404; Dr. W. M. Conant, '79, Boston, 398; S. E. Winslow, '85, Worcester, 311; Kellogg Fairbank, '90, Chicago, 293; Dr. J. P. Hutchinson, '90, Philadelphia, 273; W. D. Denègre, '79, New Orleans, 220. The above eight men were accordingly elected as members of the committee, their term expiring in 1901.

The other candidates for the committee received votes as follows: A. T. French, '85, New York, 213; L. E. Sexton, '84, New York, 207; C. T. Bond, '94, Baltimore, 218; C. J. Hubbard, '83, Kansas City, 193; W. S. Youngman, '95, Williamsport, Penn., 166.

A. P. Gardner, '86, Vice-President of the Association, who had devoted much time and energy to the work, enlisted immediately on the outbreak of the war, and is now (Aug. 1) at Charleston, S. C., on the staff of Adjutant-General Wilson.

Up to June 1 the Association had received 1195 applications for membership.

Fred W. Moore, '93, Sec.

GRADUATES' MAGAZINE ASSOCIATION. The Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association met at 6 Beacon Street, Boston, on June 28. C. F. Adams, '56, of Lincoln, was elected president, to succeed Henry Lee; and William Lawrence, '71, of Cambridge, was made a vice-president in place of Mr. Adams. The other vice-presidents are: J. R. Chadwick, '65, of Boston, C. J. Bonaparte, '70, of Baltimore, and F. C. Lowell, '76, of Boston. J. A. Noyes, '83, secretary, and W. H. Wade,

'81, treasurer, were reëlected. In the Council, members for the term ending 1901 are J. B. Ames, '68, of Cambridge, H. W. Cunningham, '82, of Boston, and Francis Rawle, '69, of Philadelphia.

LAW SCHOOL ASSOCIATION. In the absence of President J. H. Choate, C. I. Ensign presided at the annual meeting of the Harvard Law School Association, held in the rooms of the Boston Bar Association, in the Federal Building, on June 28. The following named officers were elected:

Pres., J. H. Choate, '54, New York: vice-pres., J. A. Peters, '44, Maine; George Hoadly, '45, New York; C. W. Weldon, '49, New Brunswick; Alfred Russell, '52, Michigan; M. W. Fuller, '55, District of Columbia; Richard Olney, '58, Mass.; H. B. Brown, '59, District of Columbia; W. A. Field, '60, Mass.; Albert Stickney, '62, New York; George Gray, '63, Delaware; Charles Matteson, '63, Rhode Island; S. E. Baldwin, '63, Conn.; G. B. Young, '63, Minn.; R. T. Lincoln, '65, Illinois; O. W. Holmes, '66, Mass.; J. S. Duncan, '67, Indiana; Samuel Fessenden, '70, Conn.; A. E. Wilson, '70, Kentucky; Jacob Klein, '71, Missouri; Francis Rawle, "71, Penn.; H. C. Simms, '72, West Virginia; H. McD. Henry, '73, Nova Scotia; C. J. Bonaparte, '74, Maryland; E. O. Wolcott, '75, Colorado; W. A. Keener, '77, New York; L. D. Brandeis, '77, Mass.: Sec., C. S. Rackemann, '81, Boston; Treas., F. S. Goodwin, '93, Boston; G. H. Wald, '75, Cincinnati, O.; E. Q. Keasberg, "71, Newark, N. J.; and F. W. Hackett, '66, Washington, members of council, with term expiring in 1902.

Three new members were admitted. The Secretary's report showed that

these members have died during the past year: William S. Hills, El Paso, Tex.; Caleb W. Loring, Francis V. Balch, James J. Storrow, John Prentiss, Sigourney Butler, all of Boston; Augustus D. Rogers, Salem; John L. Lincoln, Cincinnati, O.; Charles J. Cole, Hartford, Conn.

Chas. S. Rackemann, '81, Sec.

LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL.

The annual meeting and dinner of the Lawrence Scientific School Association was held June 28 at the Colonial Club, Cambridge. The guests were President Eliot, the graduating class of the School, and representatives of the Junior Class.

The President, Prof. W. M. Davis, presided, and in his address described the activities of the Association during the year just closed, and urged the importance of the careful completion of the address-list of all who have been students in the School. Dean Shaler spoke of the continued prosperity of the School, and especially of the plan for raising the standard of the entrance requirements, now gradually to be put into effect. President Eliot described the present condition of the movement for the extension of the suffrage for the Board of Overseers, and went on to speak of the beneficial influence which the School is now, as in the past, exerting upon the development of Harvard College. Professor Hollis made suggestions as to means of extending the usefulness of the Association. Prof. E. S. Morse, Director Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass., gave many interesting reminiscences of the early teachers in the School.

Officers were chosen for the ensuing year as follows: Pres., T. S. Howland, s '68; vice-pres., D. A. Wells, s '51,

C. D. Lamson, 8 '65; sec.-treas., L. J. Johnson, s '88; councilors, William Watson, & '57, S. P. Sharples, & '66, R. T. Jackson, s '84.

L. J. Johnson, s '88, Sec.

MEDICAL SCHOOL ALUMNI.

The eighth annual meeting was held at the Harvard Medical School building at noon on Tuesday, June 28, 1898. Dr. David W. Cheever, the President, presided. About forty members were present.

The Secretary, Dr. J. S. Stone, '89, read his report, showing that the Association has 1333 members; 12 having died during the past year. The Treasurer, Dr. Walter Ela, '71, showed a balance of $3773.72, of which about $1060, from lifemembership payments, is kept as a permanent fund. On motion of Dr. G. B. Shattuck, '63, $250 were appropriated for the Medical Library, which has a deficit.

Dr. C. S. Minot, p '78, was elected an honorary member. After the following officers were elected, the meeting adjourned:

Pres., David Williams Cheever, m '58, Boston; vice-pres., Gustavus Lincoln Simmons, m '56, Sacramento, Cal., John William Parsons, m '65, Portsmouth, N. H., George Herman Powers, m '65, San Francisco, Cal., James Forster Alleyne Adams, m '66, Pittsfield, John Winters Brannan, m '78, New York, N. Y., William Wotkyns Seymour, m '78, Troy, N. Y., Oscar Joseph Pfeiffer, m '84, Denver, Colo., George William Perkins, m '86, Ogden, Utah, William Barnes, m '87, Decatur, Ill., William Sidney Thayer, m '89, Baltimore, Md.; treas., Walter Ela, m '75, Cambridge; sec., James Savage Stone, m '94, Boston; councilors, for the term ending 1902, William Palmer Bolles, m '71, Roxbury, John

Winthrop Spooner, m '71, Hingham, Augustus Thorndike, m '88, Boston; for the term ending 1901, George Brune Shattuck, m '69, Boston, Charles Follen Folsom, m '70, Boston, Joseph Everett Garland, m '77, Gloucester; for the term ending 1900, Lincoln Ripley Stone, m '54, Newton, John Taylor Gilman Nichols, m '59, Cambridge, Robert Williamson Lovett, m '85, Boston; for the term ending 1899, Ferdinand Gordon Morrill, m '69, Boston, George Sterne Osborne, m '63, Peabody, Homer Gage, m '87, Worcester.

The dinner was at the Vendome at

promises a great deal in the way of social union among the members."

After referring to the course of lectures by Dr. David Hunt on the "History of Medicine," and to the establishment of the Journal of Physiology, Dr. Cheever gave a review of the franchise movement during the past year, quoting largely from Dr. Shattuck's article in the June Magazine. He then called on Dr. Homer Gage, '82, who, as chairman of the committee on the Harvard Medical School, presented the annual report, as follows:

Medical School.

The President, Dr. D. W. Cheever, after referring to the increased membership of the Association, and to the losses by death, said :—

"It is gratifying to say that this year we have graduated a class in this School larger than has ever been graduated before. I think that no class has graduated before which exceeded or even equaled 100 in number; and this year there are to be 126 medical degrees, and I am happy to say that I have just learned from the Dean that of these 57 are of degrees cum laude, which, it seems to me, speaks very well for the grade of scholarship in the School. Still more worthy of applause is the fact that 32 of these gentlemen have joined this Association. . . . Among our Medical School graduates, the custom of class dinners is beginning to be observed, and now we have class dinners for the classes of 1892, 1893, and 1894. That is quite a new departure, and

The Committee appointed by this Association to report on the Harvard Medical School take pleasure in renewing their congratulations upon the excellent condition of the School, upon its recognized position as a leader in medical education, and upon the efforts to raise its standard and increase its efficiency which are being constantly made by its Faculty and friends. We believe that these congratulations are due to the members of the Faculty for the conscientious and very able manner in which they have administered the affairs of the School during the past year. It is a good thing also for us of the alumni once a year to exchange these congratulations, and to indulge in a little mutual admiration over our fine School and its fine product.

These annual meetings are appropriate times for us occasionally to review, very briefly though it must be, what has been and is being done to raise the standard of medical education at Harvard, and to become familiar with the directions in which future development must be sought.

Prior to 1870 there had been no attempt to classify students according to the character or amount of their previous study; nor was there any progressive system of teaching, beginning with the fundamental and passing on to the higher branches of medical science. The only requirement for admission was a certificate of good moral character; and the degree of Doctor of Medicine was granted upon the presentation of a thesis upon some medical subject, and the passage of an oral examination occupying one hour and a half. In 1874 the students were divided into three classes upon the basis of a three years' course of study, and were required to pass written examinations at the end of each year before being allowed to advance, and to have passed written examinations in all branches before receiving their degrees. In 1877 admission examinations were required of all applicants who had not received a degree in let ters or science; and the number of subjects required was increased in 1881, and again in 1893. In 1879-80 an optional fourth year was added to the curriculum, and in 1892 the four years' course was made obligatory; but, from the large number of subjects offered, the student had the privilege of electing, of his own choice, enough to make up the required number of hours. Two years ago the Faculty took the important step of requiring, on and after June, 1901, that all candidates for admission to the Medical School should present a degree in arts, literature, philosophy, science, or medicine from a recognized college or scientific school.

This brief statement is enough to show how strong an effort has been made by the Harvard School to improve the quality of its students by

selecting only those who have already qualified themselves by a thorough preliminary training, and are willing to devote four full years at least to the acquirement of a degree. It is peculiarly gratifying to the friends of the School, and full of promise for the future of the profession, that thus far these changes have in no way interrupted the steady growth in the number of its students. It would seem as if the possession of the degree of A. B. or its equivalent, and the devotion of four years to the study of medicine, for the present at least, marks the limit of our demands in this direction. It is hard to see how the requirements for admission can be reasonably increased, and certainly more time cannot be given to medical study unless the time necessary for preliminary training can be shortened. It will then, perhaps, be possible for us to ask for a fifth year, as is already the custom abroad.

Meanwhile, however, it is by no means to be assumed that no improvements, no advances, can be made; and perhaps it will be interesting to consider very briefly the direction in which further steps may be taken. Twenty-five or thirty years ago it seemed reasonable to expect of every student that he should cover, and so far as possible make himself master of, the whole range of medical science. The wonderful advances in medicine and surgery during this time, as well as the development of the specialties, have already made this impossible for the student of to-day. Many changes have been made necessary in the methods of instruction, and more must follow. Two or three of these are worth the careful attention of all who are interested in the growth and development of the School.