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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO and 156 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK New Reflecting For brilliantly projecting on the screen in natural colors photos, engravings, sketches, colored prints, flowers, specimens, mechanical models and cuts in books. Also shows lantern slides perfectly. Attachable to any electric lantern. We also carry a large stock of Lantern Slides to illustrate Educational and Selentiße Subjects. Lantern Slides on Geography. Lantern Slides on Geology and Botany. Lantern Slides on Natural Ilistory. Lantern Slides on Astronomy and Anatomy. Lantern Slides on American History. Lantern Slides on Psychology. Lantern Slides on Engineering and Architecture. Lantern Slides illustrating many other subjects. We rent slides at low rates. Send for lists, naming particular subject of interest. WILLIAMS, BROWN & EARLE, Manufacturers of Stereopticons, Microscopes, etc., Dept. 24 918 Chestnut St., Phila. Baby Stuart. The one-cent pictures are 4 to 6 times this size. PERRY PICTURES THE The Perry Magazine. If you want help in using pictures in school and home, or if you wish to study Italian Art, a course laid out by Prof. William Carey Poland, of Brown University, subscribe for this magazine. Monthly except July and August. $1. per year. The Perry Pictures Company, Box 501, Malden, Mass. Zeiss Microscopes Objectives and accessories supplied from stock New catalogue and circulars in English sent on request. THE SCIENTIFIC SHOP ALBERT B. PORTER Scientific Instruments 326 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO BOTANICAL GAZETTE SEPTEMBER, 1905 TWO CONIDIA-BEARING FUNGI.' (WITH PLATE VI) CUNNINGHAMELLA ECHINULATA Thaxter. Oedocephalum echinulatum Thaxter, BOT. GAZETTE 16:17. pl. 4. figs. 8-11. 1891; Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 10:522; Lindau, Engler-Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien 11:426. figs. 220 A-B. 1903. Cunninghamella africana Matruchot, Annales Mycologici 1:45-60. pl. 1. Cunninghamella echinulata Thaxter, Rhodora 5:97. 1903. "Une Mucorinée purement conidienne, Cunninghamella africana" is the title under which MATRUCHOT (1. c.) has described an Oedocephalum-like fungus which on morphological and physiological grounds he considered was to be included among the Mucorineae. The species had been previously described by THAXTER, however, as Oedocephalum echinulatum, and with this name has been included among the Oedocephalums in SACCARDO'S Sylloge, where the similarity to Choanephora is pointed out. The mucors are typically coenocytes with a non-septate mycelium at least in the early stages of development, with sexually formed zygospores, and with the characteristic production of endogenous non-sexual spores within sporangia. The absence of septa in the hyphae of the species under consideration led MATRUCHOT, despite the lack of sporangia or zygospores, to believe that he might be dealing with a member of the Mucorineae. Piptocephalis, which is an This paper was written while working under a grant from the Carnegie Institution. obligate parasite upon various mucors, he found would grow on Cunninghamella as host, but on none of a considerable number of non-mucor forms from representative groups of the higher and lower fungi. From the results of this ingenious test of parasitism, and from the vegetative structure, he decided that Cunninghamella was to be placed in a distinct group of the Mucorineae alongside of Choanephora, where Oedocephalum-like fructifications occur in addition to sporangia. The discovery of the zygospores of this species by the writer' has established beyond question its position among the Mucorineae, and renders not improbable that a further cultural investigation may similarly give independence to others of the Fungi imperfecti. Since the method of finding the sexual form of reproduction in this species is that which recently the writer has adopted in obtaining, among others, the zygospores of Syncephalastrum, Absidia repens, Helicostylum, and Circinella umbellata, for which, with the exception of the last species, zygospores had never been known, it seems not inappropriate to give a brief account of their discovery in Cunninghamella. It is believed, moreover, that an application of similar methods may lead to a clearing up of some of the present anomalies in fruit production encountered in other of the fungi as well as in the algae. According to their method of sexual reproduction, the Mucorineae have been divided into two main groups, homothallic and heterothallic, characterized respectively by bisexual and unisexual thalli.3 In the forms known to belong to the homothallic group, zygospores are produced along with the non-sexual sporangial spores under normal cultural conditions, and for this reason the majority of them have been kept under cultivation with a constant production of zygospores for many years. No new members have been added to this group during the present year's investigation, while the accession of a number of forms to the heterothallic group further emphasizes the conclusion that this latter group comprises a very large majority of the species. The (+) and (−) sexual strains of heterothallic forms were first obtained analytically from those few fortunate cultures in 2 Sexual reproduction in the Mucorineae. Proc. Am. Acad. 40: 311. 1904. 3 Loc. cit. and Zygospore formation a sexual process. Science N. S. 19:864-866. |