has the school in the struggle against pauperism? and answered by a report on the Lehr-und Arbeitschule in Alfeld by Michelsen," Hildesheim, 1854. Whoever wishes to get an insight into a work school, (with which a school proper is connected,) will find this short report very useful.

PRUSSIA.

SCHOOLS OF INDUSTRY AND ART.-The six schools of this class in Prussia contain at present 2,237 students, viz., Berlin 1,374, Breslau 133, Dantzic 190, Erfurt 63, Koenigsberg 243, Magdeburg 234.

GYMNASIA. In the 114 Prussian gymnasia, containing 35,905 students, 2,109 entered for the graduating examination, (abiturienten-prüfung,) of whom 1,659 received the certificate of maturity, which is necessary for admission to one of the four faculties of the universities.

NORMAL SCHOOLS.-A normal school for Catholic teachers is to be established in the old female convent at Braunsberg.

Two more normal schools are to be established in Prussia: one at Oranienburg near Potsdam, and one at Driesen, near Frankfort, on the Oder.

SCARCITY OF TEACHERS.-The want of teachers becomes more general, even in high schools. In the eastern part of Prussia, fifteen places are vacant in gymnasia, for want of suitable candidates.

TOWN LIBRARIES.-The town libraries in Berlin contain 19,000 volumes; and they were sometime since being used by 3,190 persons, of whom 1,588 were trades-people.

DIESTERWEG.--The pupils of this veteran educator celebrated May 5th, 1857, twenty-five years since he became principal of the Berlin City Normal School, by a festival, and a gift for the Pestalozzian foundation at Pankow, near Berlin.

PESTALOZZIAN FOUNDATION AT PANKOW, for widows and orphans of teachers. Income in 1856, 2,086 thalers; expenditures, 2,123 thalers. Only 43 thalers were contributed of the entire sum, by teachers without Berlin.

AUSTRIA.

NORMAL SCHOOLS.-Two Catholic Normal Schools are to be founded; one at Agram in Croatia, and one at Diakovas in Sclavonia.

VIENNA PROTESTANT SCHOOL.-The principal Protestant school at Vienna, contained in 1856, 472 boys and 114 girls, Lutherans; 83 boys and 32 girls, Reformed; and 9 Jewish children. The contributions to the Protestant School Fund reached 2,879 florins, besides 280 florins for the pension fund.

UPPER AUSTRIA.-A normal school was established at Linz, (the capital of the province,) four years ago, under the direction of the secular clergy. There are nevertheless ninety teachers' situations empty. "This shows," says the Saxon School Gazette, "that it is not sufficient to establish normal schools, if the condition of the teachers is not ameliorated."

GYMNASIA. A ministerial decree limits classes in gymnasia to the number of fifty. A parallel class must be formed if there be an overplus, but the more capable must not be selected into either division.

SWITZERLAND

POLITICAL INFLUENCE IN THE SCHOOLS.-In Friburg the ultramontanists have come into power, and M. Charles, Superintendent of Schools, has abolished the

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higher schools for girls, which the liberals had established, saying that citizens may send their daughters to the nuns to be educated. The cantonal school is now under ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and all "liberal" teachers are losing their places. The reverse process is taking place in the Aargau. Here, Superintendent Keller is changing all the nunneries into female schools. (Löw's Monatsschrift.)

Teachers' SALARIES.—The parishes of Zurich are rivaling each other in raising the salaries of their teachers. Several have given as much as 1,000 francs. HOLLAND.

SCHOOL LAW. The new law of instruction contains seventy-three articles. A motion from the "exclusives" to establish separate schools for those kept away from the common schools by religious scruples was lost. Another, that the State should pay the whole salaries of teachers, was lost, for financial reasons. The schools are to be under the inspection of the government, provincial boards, and communes, (parishes.) The latter must establish and support the schools; but if they prove their insolvency, the state pays half the expense. A certificate of capability is required from the teacher. This law has passed the second chamber, and is expected to pass the first or upper.

BELGIUM.

FEMALE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, for the instruction of girls in lace making, spinning, &c., are increasing rapidly. In East Flanders alone there were some time since about 400, with 17,121 pupils, besides as many more who worked at home. Of this number, 328 are for lace making exclusively. The rate of earning is about 3 22 of a kreutzer a day. Belgium has about 740 such schools, with nearly 4,500 pupils, mostly girls. (Löw's Monatsschrift.)

Saxe-AltenburG.-The legislature has appropriated 20,000 thalers to reorganize the normal school.

HAMBURG.-The School Board has requested the senate to establish a normal school from the state fund.

SWEDEN has about 400,000 children of school age, and expends for schools a million rix dollars yearly. It is hoped that this amount will soon be increased to three or four millions, which will give from eight to ten rix dollars to each child. SARDINIA. There are in Sardinia 25 technical schools, with 1,546 pupils. The amount paid for the teacher's salaries is 155,000 francs a year.

ATHENS.—The king has laid the foundation of a nautical school.

CONSTANTINOPLE.-A German (Prussian) school was formally opened here June 1st, 1857. Mr. Dreyer of Lubeck is the teacher.

ALGIERS.-There were in this province in 1848, 115 elementary schools for Europeans, attended by 3,858 boys, and 4,250 girls. There are now 178 schools for boys, 119 for girls, and 67 primary schools, with a total attendance of 10,672 boys, and 8,986 girls.

[We have received from Dr. Wimmer other valuable communications; "On the system of public instruction in Saxony;" "German Pedagogical Journals and Literature;" "Life of Dinter;" all of which will appear in subsequent numbers of this Journal.]

No. 12.-[VOL. IV, No. 3.)-51.

ITALY.

We are indebted to Prof. Botta, of the University of New York, for specimen numbers of the following

EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS.

L'EDUCATORE; Giornale per l' Educazione della gioventù d' ambo i sessi e del popolo, compilato da Gadano Valeriani. No. 1, 15 Luglio, 1857. Alessandria: Fratelli Gazzotti. (THE EDUCATOR; a Journal for the Education of Youth of both Sexes and of the People, composed by Gaetano Valeriani. No. 1, July 15, 1857. Alessandria, of Piedmont : Gazzotti Brothers) This semi-monthly Review contains several engravings, and presents a criticism on the modern bibliography of Italy.

IL MONITORE SCOLASTICO. No, 1 e 2. Torino, 1857. (THE SCHOLASTIC MONTTOR. No. 1 and 2. Turin, 1857.)

This semi-monthly Journal is published by a company established in Turin, with the object of aiding the progress of education in Sardinia, by gathering, in a central point, all the articles and furniture which refer to schools, and to sell them at a low rate for the benefit of schools and teachers. This company proposes, also, to publish the best educational works, either original Italian, or translations from foreign languages, to encourage educational writers, to aid the necessities of teachers, to convene them in public meetings, to find schools for them, etc. This company was founded last year, in Turin, by Prof. Colombetti, and it bears the name of Emporio Scolastico Magistrale. It has a capital of two hundred thousand francs, divided into four hundred shares of five hundred francs each, bearing the interest of six per cent., with an additional dividend.

L'ISTITUTORE; Giornale d' Istruzione, publicato dal Prof. Lanza. Torino, 1857. (THE INSTITUTOR; Journal of Instruction, published semi-monthly, by Prof. Lanza. Turin, 1857.)

IL GIOVEDI; Giornale d' Educazione, per i giovanetti d' ambo i sessi. Torino, 1857. (THE THURSDAY; A weekly paper of Education for children of both the sexes. Turin, 1857.)

L'EDUCATORE LOMBARDO; Giornale dell' Instituto dei maestri di Lombardia. Milano, 1857. (THE LOMBARD EDUCATOR; the Journal of the Institution of the teachers of Lombardy. Milan, 1857.)

This is a weekly paper, published by the association of the teachers established in Lombardy, for their mutual aid. This institution was created in Milan, in July, 1857, and to it may belong all the private teachers who pay an annual contribution of about twenty francs. By paying at once the sum of three hundred and twenty francs, a teacher may become a fellow of the institution, during his life, without any other charge. The associates who, by a physical and permanent illness, should be unable to continue in their profession, are entitled to an annuity, to be given by the association. This annuity varies according to the length of time of the fellowship, so that it increases in proportion to the age of the associate and of his connection with the association. The fellows, however, who reached the age of sixty years, and have belonged to the institution for three years, are entitled to the annuity without any other condition. The public teachers, who receive salary from the government or from the municipality, may belong to the institution, but they are not entitled to the annuity, unless that which they receive from the government is less than that of the association. But in this case they receive only the difference. The annuity to which the associates are entitled varies from one franc to three francs a day.

RIVISTA GINNASIALE E DELLE SCUOLE TECNICHE E REALI. Compilato dal Dre. Bolza e dal Prof. Picci. Milano, 1857. Fascicolo 5. Settembre e Ottobre. (THE REVIEW OF GYMNASIA, OF TECHNICAL AND REAL SCHOOLS. By Dr. Bolza and Prof. Picci. Number 5. September and October, 1857. Milan.) It is published in six numbers a year, every two months.

H

ENGLAND.

VISIT TO REV. MR. SEWALL'S SCHOOL At Radleigh.

Letter from Rt. Rev. Bishop Smith of Kentucky.

KALORAMA, Oct. 5th, 1857. MY DEAR SIR:-You know all about the system of fagging at most of the ancient and great schools which supply to the Universities their best prepared annual recruits, such as Eton, Rugby, and Winchester: and you are, of course, further aware of the great diversity of opinion upon the subject; opinions held on each side with the greatest possible passion and pertinacity, and yet deviating so widely, that whilst their conservative friends claim for them the merit of imparting all the hardihood and chivalry which undeniably still distinguish an otherwise luxurious aristocracy; their progressive antagonists denounce them as the last remaining strongholds, in emancipated England, of the roughness and barbarism of those fierce old feudal times, when thumbscrews, fire and faggots were deemed the best tests of truth.

There is no telling how long these points would have been warmly contested, as theories, without the slightest effort being made to effect a reform, had not other evils, of a much more serious nature crept into the administration of these glorious old Institutions, alarming and arousing the strongest religious convic tions, which have stirred the bosoms of the most gifted and earnest men of the Church of England, since the Restoration. Of the fruits of this, we have a notable instance, in the earnestness and success with which Dr. Arnold applied himself to the experiment of infusing a robust and manly religious sentiment into the school at Rugby. Some there were, however, who, not content with the kind of religious influence infused, or the measure of it possible, under so many disadvantages, conceived the idea of a model school, equal in scholarship to any of the ancient foundations, and not destitute, by any means, of the advantages derived from the athletic exercises of boating, and cricket, should yet secure to each pupil, not merely the food and the shelter, but also the delicacy and the refinement of the comfortable paternal home; and above all, a degree of religious culture, not wholly disproportioned to the worth of the immortal soul.

It was an experiment as delicate as it was difficult. It required an almost inconceivable amount of religious earnestness, and of moral heroism, for a son of Oxford to select a spot for his purpose so near as Radleigh, to that glorious old seat of classical learning; and for a bishop of Oxford to spread over it the shelter of the name of his illustrious father, and the prodigious influence of his great talents, and of his high office.

It was on the occasion of the fifth or sixth annual Confirmation of several of the boys of this school, and in the company of. this distinguished Prelate, and of one of his Archdeacons, that I visited Radleigh, on the 8th of June last.

As we approached the house, there was a long sweep in the smooth road, through the polished and beautiful lawn, on each side of which the boys of the school, about one hundred and fifty in number, and of about the usual assortment as to size, were arranged to bid us welcome; and wild and loud were the cheers, and wonderfully vigorous the waving and tossing of hats, in honor of their Bishop. At the door of the vast, but yet plain and substantial Farm House which had been converted into the uses of the school, we met the Ward

en and founder, the Rev. Mr. Sewall, and several clerical subordinates and fellow laborers in their clerical costume, prepared in a few moments, to accompany us to the chapel. Those few moments, employed refreshing ourselves, and in robing, were sufficient to bring under our eye many of the appliances of the establishment for health, comfort, and a sober refinement of life, very perfect and beautiful, yet, in the eyes of a back-woods American, a little too near, perhaps, to the confines of an expensive luxury.

The covered walk from Hall to Chapel, in a modern way, doing the duty of ancient cloisters, was long enough for the procession, which consisted of the boys in the simple white surplices of choristers, the officers of the school, followed by the Bishop in his robes, and a few clerical visitors. I have never seen any thing so unique or in such perfect taste and keeping, as that chapel. It is but a temporary building, extemporized, for a few years, until his resources shall permit him to erect something more durable. But I should greatly fear that even the almost perfect and faultless taste of the Rev. Warden may fail to construct in enduring stone, any thing so quaint and picturesque and perfect of its kind, as this temporary modern antique. The lancet windows are high above the floor, and between them from the hands of worshipping angels, which form the corbels of the arches of the open timber roof, simple and charming baskets of flowers were suspended, welcoming their guests, and marking, as is customary in England, the recent festival of Pentecost, as we, in America, do that of the Nativity, with evergreens.

The chancel was somewhat elevated and without a railing; and beneath its beautiful stained glass triplet window, there was the most remarkable old wood scriptural carving, in the small, from one of the old churches upon the continent, any where to be found in its ancient niches and so every where, the antique and the new stood in the strangest proximity to each other; the children and the roses of to-day, by the side of imported specimens of Art, whose designers and artificers have long since been forgotten; fit exponents of which this establishment would perpetuate the ancient love, and the more ancient worship, inwrought into the unfolding texture of young minds.

The organ was good and the music uncommonly fine, which it might not have been so important to mention, had not the service, instead of Morning Prayer, consisted of a choral Litany, which reached the measure of the most exact fitness and the most wonderful solemnity, in consequence of the almost absolute perfection of the responses by the whole school, trained like a choir. The Bishop had received from his predecessors in the see of Oxford the practice of conferring orders upon each candidate separately, each kneeling before him, whilst seated in his episcopal chair, and without the intervention of a chancel rail; a practice which, whilst it imparts somewhat of additional dignity to his official character, serves to deepen the impression of the individual interest, of each candidate, where the number is considerable, in the solemnity of the transaction. This practice was extended to this confirmation occasion; and each boy was led forward by the Warden himself, decently attired in his little surplice, and resting his head almost upon the knee of the Bishop, received the imposition of hands; and each time as the prayer was fervently breathed over one after another, a loud choral Amen arose from all his young companions and filled the House of God!

During the confirmation service the Bishop's chaplain stood by his side, holding an elaborate and beautiful crosier of the olden time, which he passed to the