UNLIMITED POWER AT NEXT TO NO COST. A STUPENDOUS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AT HAND. ONE of the most astounding prospects ever opened up by scientific invention is laid before the readers of It more McClure's for March by Ray Stannard Baker. completely eclipses the mechanical marvels of steam and electricity than they the slave-mill and stage-coach. It promises us at almost no cost any amount of motive We are informed of " a new substance that power. promises to do the work of coal and ice and gunpowder." The new substance is, after all, a very old friend-nothing less than the common air, only in a liquefied state. Liquid air is the new mechanical magician. It was only in 1877 that Raoul Pictet succeeded by combining intense pressure and intense cold in liquefying oxygen. Fifteen years later Olzewski liquefied nitrogen and James Dewar actually solidified air-produced "air ice." The development of these discoveries into the production of a new and potent industrial force, as described in this paper, is the work of Charles E. Tripler, of New York City.

A VERY SIMPLE PRINCIPLE.

The principle is intelligible and simple to the last degree. It lies in the immense expansion in volume which takes place in any substance on passing from the state of liquid into the state of gas. When water passes into the gaseous state as steam, we have the force which drives our steam machinery. When liquid air passes into the gaseous state, we have the new force. The immense difference appears in the fact that to change water into steam we have to use costly artificial means to raise the temperature above 212 degrees Fahrenheit, while the transition from liquid to gaseous air takes place at 312 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. Once we have our liquid air, the temperature of the ordinary atmosphere raises it more than 300 degrees above its ordinary boiling-point. In other words, the heat of the sun, in warming our atmosphere so much above the boiling-point of liquid air, is the ultimate source of the new power. And Mr. Tripler claims to produce liquid air "practically without cost"!

A single cubic foot of liquid air contains 800 cubic feet of air at ordinary pressure-a whole hall bedroom full reduced to the space of a large pail. Its desire to expand, therefore, is something quite irrepressible.

HOW IT IS DONE.

At once the question arises, How can the liquid air be produced? Will not the pressure and the artificial cold requisite involve a most costly expenditure of the forces previously and still at our disposal? The answer is that he uses liquid air to produce liquid air. In the words of the inventor :

"The liquefaction of air is caused by intense cold, not by compression, although compression is a part of the process. After once having produced this cold, I do not need so much pressure on the air which I am forcing into the liquefying machine. My liquefying machine will keep on producing as much liquid air as ever, while it takes very much less liquid air to keep the compressor engine going. This difference I save.

"I have actually made about ten gallons of liquid air in my liquefier by the use of about three gallons in my engine. There is, therefore, a surplusage of seven gallons that has cost me nothing and which I can use elsewhere as power."

"And there is no limit to this production; you can keep on producing this surplusage indefinitely?"

"I think so. I have not yet finished my experiments, you understand, and I don't want to claim too much. I believe I have discovered a great principle in science, and I believe I can make practical machinery do what my experimental machine will do."

Mr. Tripler says that it takes only ten or fifteen minutes to get liquid air after the compressor engine begins to run. ONLY TENPENCE A GALLON.

Consequently it is the first step that costs. Professor Dewar liquefied air at an enormous cost :

The first ounce that he made cost more than three thousand dollars. A little later he reduced the cost to five hundred dollars a pint, and the whole scientific world rang with the achievement. Yesterday, in Mr. Tripler's laboratory, I saw five gallons of liquid air poured out like so much water. It was made at the rate of fifty gallons a day, and it cost, perhaps, twenty cents a gallon.

WHAT IT ACTUALLY DOES.

The actual achievements of liquid air are wonderful enough. The cold it induces is so intense as to freeze itself in the pipes of the liquefier. Solid air is thus easily produced. The liquid is "nearly as heavy as water, and quite as clear and limpid” :—

A few drops retained on a man's hand will sear the flesh like a white-hot iron; and yet it does not burn-it merely kills. For this reason it is admirably adapted to surgical uses where cauterisation is necessary; it will eat out diseased flesh much more quickly and safely than caustic potash, or nitric acid, and it can be controlled absolutely. Mr. Tripler has actually furnished a well-known New York physician with enough to sear out a cancer and entirely cure a difficult case. And it is cheaper than any cauterising chemical in use. It freezes pure alcohol. . . . Mercury is frozen until it is as hard as granite. Iron and steel become as brittle as glass. A tin cup which has been filled with liquid air for a few minutes will, if dropped, shatter into a hundred little fragments like thin glass. Copper, gold, and all precious metals, on the other hand, are made more pliable, so that even a thick piece can be bent readily between the fingers.

In liquid air the nitrogen evaporates soonest (its boiling point being 320 degrees below zero, as against oxygen's, which is 300 degrees below zero), and leaves oxygen in a concentrated form

Ordinary woollen felt can hardly be persuaded to burn even in a hot fire, but if it is dipped in this concentrated oxygen, or even in liquid air, and lighted, it will explode and burn with all the terrible violence of gun-cotton. Indeed, liquid air will burn steel itself. The steel burns exactly like a greasy bit of pork rind-spluttering, and giving out a glare of dazzling brilliancy.

The experiments have been shown by Mr. Tripler before a meeting of distinguished scientists at the University of the City of New York. Among the number was M. Pictet, who expressed great admiration.

WHAT IT IS EXPECTED TO DO.

But the prospect opened up of future possibilities is dazzling and bewildering in its grandeur. Mr. Baker exclaims :

"Think of the ocean greyhound unencumbered with coal bunkers, and sweltering boilers, and smokestacks, making her power as she sails, from the free sea air around her! Think of the boilerless locomotive running without a fire-box or fireman, or without need of water tanks or coal chutes, gathering from the air as it passes the power which turns its driving wheels! With costless power, think how travel and freight rates must fall, bringing bread and meat more cheaply to our tables and cheaply manufactured clothing more cheaply to our backs! Think of the possibilities of aërial navigation with power which requires no heavy machinery, no storage batteries, no coal!

66

'Ten years from now hotel guests will call for cool rooms in summer with as much certainty of getting them as they now call for warm rooms in winter.

Mr. Tripler thinks that by the proper mixture of liquid air with cotton, wool, glycerine, or any other hydrocarbon, an explosive of enormous power could be made. And unlike dynamite or nitro-glycerine, it could be handled like so much sand, there being not the slightest danger of explosion from concussion, although, of course, it must be kept away from fire. No more would warships be loaded down with cumbersome explosives, and no more could there be terrible powder explosions on ship-board, because the ammunition could be made for the guns as it was needed, a liquid-air plant on shipboard furnishing all the necessary materials.

Mr. Baker does not deal with the more drastic prospect that, inasmuch as liquid air makes steel as brittle as glass, a steady spray of the liquid would transform a steelclad battleship into a most fragile piece of crockeryware.

ALL OTHER PROBLEMS SOLVED.

"My greatest object is the production of a power-giving substance," says Mr. Tripler; if you can get cheap power, all

other problems are solved.

"

THE LATEST NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM. PROFESSOR HARNACK'S "Chronology of Early Christian Literature may be regarded as possessing some claim on the attention of the general reader when it extorts in the same month sympathetic and prominent notice from the Dublin Review and from the English Historical Review. In the former, which is the recognised organ of the Roman Catholics, Dom C. Butler details at length the brilliant Berlin professor's conclusions as to date and authorship of the books of the New Testament, and applauds the reactionary tendency manifest in the freest criticism of the sacred writings.

THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS UP TO DATE.

Here are the dates assigned by the latest and least fettered criticism as voiced by Harnack and served up by Dom Butler :

c. 100-130

c. 120-140

Epistle of St. James.

c. 150-180

Second Epistle of St. Peter.

Harnack questions Peter's authorship of I. Peter. He ascribes the Johannine Gospel and Epistles and the retouching of the Apocalypse (which he takes to be at bottom a Jewish and not a Christian work) to the same author, who is however John the Presbyter, not John the Apostle. He is strongly disposed to hold with Tertullian that Barnabas was the author of Hebrews.

"THE ESSENTIAL TRUTH OF TRADITION." Dom Butler quotes from Harnack's preface a very significant passage :—

In regard to the future, he says, Harnack, inspired by his great knowledge of the actual tendencies of scientific erudition, assumes almost the rôle of a prophet: "A time will come, it is already on the threshold, when we shall little more trouble ourselves about the decipherment of the literary-historical problems in the domain of Christian origins; for what in the main can be ascertained on this subject will come to be generally recognised-namely, the essential truth of tradition, apart from a few important exceptions. It will be recognised that partly before the destruction of Jerusalem [70], partly by the time of Trajan [98-117], all the fundamental stamps of Christian traditions, teachings, pronouncements, and even ordinancesexcept the New Testament as a collection-were essentially perfect, and that it is necessary to conceive of their institution within that period; and also to realise how the general ground lines of Catholicism must be conceived of in the time between Trajan and Commodus [117-190].

GENERALLY "ACCEPTED RESULTS."

Rev. A. C. Headlam, in the Historical Review, asks, What are the accepted results of modern scientific criticism of the sacred documents?

Of the Pauline epistles ten may be accepted. Professor Harnack has some doubts about the Ephesians, but they will probably vanish, and other critics who are not too old to learn will have to fall in with him. Of the exact date there will always be a certain amount of dispute, for we have not the materials for constructing a certain chronology. The Pastoral Epistles are still under dispute. The favourite theory at present is to see in them evidence of interpolation; there is a genuine Pauline nucleus which has been added to. The Epistle to the Hebrews is certainly by some one who had come under the influence of St. Paul, and is certainly earlier than the letters of Clement. It is placed by Harnack in the reign of Domitian, and cannot be later.

Passing to other groups of writings, the Acts and St. Luke's Gospel must have been written by a companion of St. Paul, and cannot be later than the year 90 A.D. The other two synoptic gospels date probably from the years 65-75; but the existence of late additions cannot be disproved, although it may be doubted. Not later than the age of Domitian must come the First Epistle of St. Peter. The theory of Harnack that the name of Peter was added by a later forger is hardly likely to gain credence. Christian tradition is now being again accepted, and the Apocalypse is placed in the reign of Domitian, while the other Johannine writings cannot be placed later than the year 110. Who wrote them? What is their historic value? These remain questions on which there is not yet agreement. The same may be said of the date of the Second Epistle of St. Peter and the Epistles of St. Jude and St. James.

AMERICAN VERSUS GALLICAN TENDENCIES

IN ROMANISM.

REV. WILLIAM BARRY, D.D., writes in the March National on what he calls "an American religious Crusade." His theme is Father Hecker's life and its impression on French thought. Of these much has been said in our 66 Book of the Month." It remains to quote what Dr. Barry, a devout Catholic, says of the struggle impending in the Papacy between the Latin and the American tendencies.

THE DEAD HAND OF NAPOLEON.

He deplores the condition into which Napoleon has reduced the Church in France. It, too, is "a barracks, and its clergy are a regiment. They have been made serfs of an atheistic Republic." Yet they are mightily shocked when Englishmen or Americans tell them that this system is "Gallican, not by any means Catholic, and has had its day" :—

An evil day; for it has killed initiative, sanctified cowardice, and helped to make of the French laity what they are now confessedly becoming, indifferent, or hostile, or corrupt, to a degree which no other country in Europe can rival. By sheer effect of its own incompetence the system that Napoleon established has begun to show grave and disquieting tokens of failure, in the army no less than the university, in finance and law, and in the Church itself. . . . M. Taine tells us, therefore, that "by an insensible and slow cause," during the whole of this century," the great multitude of the peasants, in the wake of the multitude in the cities, is falling into Paganism.' other words, they are giving up religion. The barracks complete what was begun in the fields or the workshop or the factory; and to scrape together as much money as possible and to have as few children as possible is the moral code, thanks to which France has arrived at her present condition. . . . We are running no small risk of lapsing into a religious society composed of clergy, women, and children, with the merest sprinkling of grown-up men.

BE ROMAN; NOT LATIN."

In

This is a heavy indictment against the Church in France from the pen of a loyal Catholic. He goes on to distinguish between decadent Latinism and perennial Romanism. He says:

The Latin experiment is coming to an end. If Rome were simply Latin, it would be coming to an end likewise. It would lose its hold upon the intellect and character of those in every nation who guide the course of things; it would shrivel up into a memory, or be entombed like a fossil in the depths of the past....

When Leo XIII. was addressing the Slavs, whom he is anxious to keep or to bring within the pale of his jurisdiction, he said to them "Be Roman; I do not ask you to be Latin"; and he left to them their own liturgy in their native tongue. He has done as much, or more, on behalf of the Oriental Christians. And he is watching with keen interest the ebb and flow of ideas, social or religious, or both, among those Americans who, at length, seem destined to make the English spirit an open instead of a sealed volume to races bred upon the classic and coercive tradition of which Napoleon was the last great figure. Nay, it was his chosen Legate, Cardinal Satolli, who, in a memorable address at Chicago, put forward the Book of the Gospels and the American Constitution as furnishing a complete charter of human life.

THE ROLE OF THE NORTHERN NATIONS.

Freedom and self-control are the qualities needed to burst the Napoleonic fetters, and save the Latin races from their deadly thraldom. How Father Hecker was their apostle is shown elsewhere: here is Dr. Barry's word :

:

What we are now considering is the future. It would appea that Rome has something precious to offer it; and that th English and Teutonic peoples do not come to that bargain w empty hands. If authority be indispensable where tradition to be upheld-if history cannot be blotted out, and union is the safeguard of dogma; yet the Northern nations, founding them selves on old and undoubted Catholic principles, have alm understood how to combine social freedom with stable ins tions, and that is the gift which they now would make to t Latin world.

SOCIAL BREAKERS AHEAD IN HAWAII

A GLIMPSE of the many social difficulties in store far Uncle Sam in his new territories is afforded by RearAdmiral Beardslee, U.S.N., in the North American Re for October. He heads his article with the Hawaiiss word "Pilikias," denoting troubles or misfortunes, ani sketches some of the impediments to the pacific assimi lation of these islands. The chief difficulty springs from the natives and "half-whites "-as the "half-breeds" prefer to be called-numbering in all 40,000 pecție They were conspicuously frigid in the public ceremony d annexation. Their attachment to the Queen is one com siderable danger, which the writer suggests might removed if she could be brought to accept the situati by money compensation or otherwise. A more subte cause of disloyalty is found in the fear of the ladies the upper class of half-whites, who apprehend that the reorganisation of society, consequent on an influx of American people, will deprive them of their social position:

That, for the first time in Hawaii, they may be discriminated against on account of race and customs; that, for the first ti a colour line may be drawn, so that the brown blood in th veins, of which many are prouder than of the white, will be to their detriment.

Another fear is that the free and amphibious customs and costumes now followed by the islanders would strongly disapproved by American ladies :

They do wear in public the holoku, a garment t differing greatly from a Mother Hubbard, the most comfortable and best adapted to the climate. They do adorn themselves with leis of flowers, they gallop astride their steeds over the mountains, they enjoy surf canoeing and sea swimming. They do love to relax from their formal society life and full-dres dinner parties, and, visiting the homes of some of the Hawaiian relatives, they indulge in the delights of a let where they can-arrayed in holokus and flowers, hair unbound, feet bare or slippered-recline on the mat-protected ground, ent poi seaweed and fish, and other indescribable Hawaiian dishes with the aid of their fingers alone, listen to the sweet music of the eukalili and native voices, and watch the beautiful, graceful, swaying dance of the Hulah girls, in which there need be no impropriety or vulgarity, although, because in olden times it was danced by naked women (in those days they were naked and not ashamed), it has earned a bad reputation. "Honi sod qui mal y pense."

Said a Hawaiian lady to me, while discussing with her the expected advent of the whites: "We don't want them. They will come and look down on us, and think we are no better than niggers. They will sneer at our customs, and hold up their hands in horror at the idea of a hulah. They will expect too much of us. They will forget how short a time it is since we were Kanakas." Undoubtedly they have customs, natural to them, to which they have been wedded from childhood, and which are different from those of people who have spent their

lives in more inclement climes.

All this is a strange commentary on the advent of a Power devoted from its birth to the principles of liberty and equality.

THE TROUBLE IN THE STATE CHURCH.

A CLERICAL ETAT MAJOR.

THE Nineteenth Century contains two articles on the subject, one by a Nonconformist, the other by a State Churchman; one hailing, the other dreading, the approach of Disestablishment; but both agreed in opposition to Romanisers within the Anglican pale. The Nonconformist is Dr. Guinness Rogers, who demands the surrender of the privileges and endowments of the Church as "the one method by which Evangelicals can save the Protestantism of the Church of which they claim to be the champions, and High Churchmen secure that spiritual independence for which they profess to sigh." For ourselves," he adds, "we shall certainly resist any tampering with the present constitution in the 'Catholic interest." In the course of his paper he draws a not too flattering parallel between the anti-Dreyfus War Office and the extreme Romanisers :

We have been looking on recent proceedings in France with mingled surprise and condemnation, and tacitly congratulating ourselves on the fact that we are not as that misguided people. There it is the army which puts on airs of lofty independence, and we wonder as we see what numbers are misled by the specious pretext that the honour of the staff and officers must be preserved at all costs. But have we not here a parallel case? Here it is the rights of the Church and clergy which have to be so jealously guarded. To judge by their general tone and bearing, it is not the nation which establishes the priests, but the priests in their gracious condescension who are blessing the nation. They are not to be fettered by any restraints the State may impose, they are not to be brought within its jurisdiction in any manner affecting their office, they are not to be tried in its courts on any charge of ecclesiastical offence. They form a sacred order of their own without any civil law to bind them.

THE CRUX OF THE WHOLE BUSINESS.

The State Churchman is Mr. Bosworth Smith, who fought resolutely in the columns of the Times against the Liberal assault on the Establishments in Wales and Scotland some years ago. He declares this deliberate conviction :

Great as the calamity would have been had the attack upon the Church succeeded fourteen years ago, it would have been insignificant, in comparison with the sin and with the shame, with the sting of purposeless humiliation, and with the permanent alienation from each other of all the component parts of the Church, which must inevitably ensue, if Disestablishment should come on now-as it seems only too likely that it will-as the result, not of any hostile movement from without, but of disintegrating forces from within.

For what would be the result? In place of the parochial system, a squalid congregationalism: an alienated laity one portion of the clergy gravitating towards Geneva, another and a larger portion steering straight for Rome. The crux of the whole question lies, he holds, in compulsory auricular confession. If that is maintained, no power on earth can save the National Church from

disruption and dissolution. He implores the Holborn recusants to repent ere it be too late.

"THE SIMMERINGS OF SOCIAL REVOLUTION."

"The Looker-on" in Blackwood is very pronounced on the commotion in the Church" :

On this occasion we need not look deep to discover the simmerings of social revolution. . . . The de-Protestantising of England is not an affair of religion alone. It is a matter of the profoundest importance socially, and in every department of social life. . . . Yet it will be enough for contentment if the archbishops, in working out their plan of judicial intervention, deal straightly with the more defiant offenders and such as are

66

MR. WILLIAM WALSH AND SECRET SOCIETIES.

In the National Review for March, Mr. William Walsh tenders proof of the existence and tactics of secret societies" in the Church of England. "The societies he names are the Society of the Holy Cross, the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament, the Order of the Holy Redeemer, and the Guild of All Souls. To the charge of procuring his information in an underhand way the writer replies :

I defy the Romanisers to prove their libellous and slanderous charges. They know very well that I have secured them all in the open market in a fair and honourable manner. I frankly admit that I do not repent, and am not ashamed of having told the whole country, through my book, the secrets of the Ritualists. If they were honourable secrets I would respect them. It has been said that no gentleman would ever have published them as I have done; but I have yet to learn that a gentleman is expected to respect dishonourable secrets. The Romanisers plot in the dark, because, like bats and owls, they dread and hate the light.

What is Vitalism?

PROFESSOR LLOYD MORGAN writes on "Vitalism" in the January Monist. He declares that "Vital Force is a perfectly legitimate metaphysical conception of the noumenal Cause of certain observed phenomena, and should take its place alongside Gravitative Force, Chemical Force, 'Crystalline Force, and the rest of the stalwart metaphysical grenadiers." He sums up his case in the following positions, for which he hopes he would have Mr. Herbert Spencer's endorsement :

Those conclusions are that, if by Vitalism we give expression to the fact that living matter has certain distinctive properties, it may be freely accepted; but that if by it we imply that these properties neither are nor can be the outcome of evolution, it should be politely rejected; and further that, if by Vital Force we mean the noumenal Cause of the special modes of molecular motion that characterise protoplasm, its metaphysical validity may be acknowledged, so long as it is regarded as immanent in the dynamical system and not interpolated from without in a manner unknown throughout the rest of the wide realm of

nature.

For the Unmarried.

THE March Round-About, the Post-Bag of the Wedding Ring Circle, announces two marriages of its members to take place in the early summer. It is gratifying to note that two of the greatest national singers of our time commenced their deep friendship, which culminated in their marriage, by a letter in which Robert Browning expressed to Elizabeth Barrett his admiration for one of her poems. Strange to relate, the first marriage brought about by the W.R.C. was also due to the appreciation of an article contributed by a lady member to a MS. journal. The subscription of the W.R.C. is 12s. 6d. for members within the penny-postage range, 17s. 6d. to others, and this entitles them to the receipt of the Round-About, post free, insertion of their "Personality" and "Requirements" in its columns for twelve months, and the opportunity to correspond anonymously with each other. The Conductor, Mowbray House, Norfolk Street, W.C., will send all particulars on receipt of a stamped addressed foolscap envelope.

THE HERO AS SCAVENGER;

OR, THE EPIC OF THE SANITATION OF SANTIAGO. THE story told by Mr. H. H. Lewis in the Fortnightly of "General Wood at Santiago: Americanising a Cuban City," is a tale of modern chivalry. It belongs to the same ethical order as the Labours of Herakles, the exploits of Beowulf, or the adventures of the Knights of the Table Round. It stirs the blood of the true lover of his kind more than any of the warlike feats of Dewey, or Sampson, or the captors of El Caney. It is a sort of "Jerusalem delivered," the foes from which deliverance is effected being famine, pestilence, and death-breeding filth. The Hero as Scavenger-so Carlyle might have termed him-is the late Colonel of the Rough Riders and the present Governor of Santiago. Says the

writer :

If ever in this world the extraordinary man, the man of destiny, the man of pre-eminent power and resource, was needed, it was in Santiago de Cuba during the latter part of July, 1898. The occasion demanded first a physician, to deal with the tremendous sanitary needs; then a soldier, to suppress turbulence and effect a quick restoration of law and order; and, finally, a statesman, to re-establish and perfect the civil government. In General Wood was found a man who, by nature, education and experience, combined in himself a generous share of the special skill of all these three.

66
A CITY SMELT TEN MILES AT SEA."

As in Havana, the Augean stables were here completely outdone ::

For two centuries Santiago had borne the reputation of being one of the most unclean cities on earth. Of it an old merchant captain had said: "It could be smelt ten miles at sea." When General Wood assumed the government of it, on the twentieth day of last July, its streets and courts and houses had come to the last degree of filth and noisesomeness, and of its forty odd thousand residents great numbers were sick, no small number were starving, and all were utterly miserable. Bodies of the dead lay in the streets, and as General Wood rode about the city, making his first inspection, vultures flew up before him from feasting on human carcases.

FAMINE QUelled.

Within a few hours of the receipt of his appointment he had thrown off his coat and was heartily at work. Happily for the quick and sure execution of his task, he began with ample powers. The matters that first claimed his attention were the feeding of the starving people and the amendment of the city's sanitary condition. As many rations as could be obtained were issued with a free but careful hand; food depôts were established at various places; and before forty-eight hours had passed actual famine had been brought to an end.

But as the supply of food increased through the ordinary channels of trade, the prices did not decrease. General Wood accordingly sent for the butchers and demanded from them the price at which they bought the meat they were selling at 90 cents a pound. After futile attempts at evasion, they confessed they paid only 15 cents a pound. The General promptly informed them the selling price must go down from 90 to 25 cents; and go down it immediately did. Other food prices quickly followed.

CHARNEL-HOUSE AND CESSPOOL IN ONE.

What is described as "Santiago's first cleaning" was next taken in hand. The city was one vast charnelhouse and cesspool combined :—

In all the interior courts there were cesspools, and these were almost never emptied, and became fountains of foulness and disease. Even in the houses there was the grossest uncleanliness. In many of them now, owing to the recent stress of

epidemic and starvation, were found decaying human bodies: ten were found in a single house.

The clouds of vultures, voracious as they were, found the human meal too plentiful: their leavings filled houses and streets with nauseous corruption. "The death-rate, always high in Santiago, became at this time above tw hundred a day :

In his first proceedings against this unspeakable squal General Wood got little aid or sympathy from either Spanis or Cubans. He went at it with American workmen, American wagons, and American mules. The neglected human dea were carried outside the city, heaped into piles, sprinkled wits kerosene, and burned. In one funeral pyre eighty-seven bodies were consumed. It required ninety hours, in darkness and dy light, to clear one street.

CIVILISATION ON A DUSTCART.

After a few days, a house-to-house sanitary inspection wa made, and householders were notified that all cesspools must be emptied without delay. Then an order was issued calling a housekeepers to collect household garbage in boxes or barres and hold it for the wagons that were sent round in the early morning to haul it away. At first there

was

some demur to the new method; but sharp work, threats, and in some cases, actual corporal punishme brought it into general observance, and now the good house wives of Santiago vie with each other in having their garbage boxes ready for the call of the street-cleaners' carts. Mon serious objection was raised by the introduction of disinfectants; this caused open rebellion. The previous odours-time honoured and, as it were, the custom of the country-wa preferred to the odour of chloride of lime. It was scatters! with a liberal hand, nevertheless, and, at this writing, requests for it and other disinfectants are received daily by the Health Department. Moreover, people are beginning to notify the sanitary officer of the existence of unclean cesspools maintained by their neighbours.

THE PAVIOUR PALADIN.

The streets had never been properly laid, and the heavy army wagons had churned the atrocious roadways into rivers of liquid mud. Here was a task for the General :

2

He had bad streets to repair, and there were at hand a number of Cubans whose only support was Uncle Sam. He introduced the needy Cubans to the equally needy streets. A circle was drawn about the city, and a line through the centre. The line was Calle Marina, or Marine Street, and part of the circle represented the water front, along which was a really beautiful and picturesque drive, known as the "Alameda." "Build a boulevard where I have drawn the circle," ordered General Wood, "and pave Calle Marina after the American fashion. Hire all the Cubans you can use; pay them fifty cents and a ration a day." The boulevard is in course of construction; Calle Marina is being paved after the American fashion, and gold, honestly earned, now circulates in the labourers' quarters of Santiago.

The water supply yielded only four gallons per head of the population. A larger dam, costing over 100,000 dols., has been decided on, which will better meet the needs of the city.

THE NEW GAOLER AND JUDGE.

After burying the dead, emptying the cesspools, paving the streets and arranging for a better water supply, came higher social reforms :

The new administration has made important changes in the system of schools, including the severing of the schools from the Church and the introduction of English into the curriculum; it has established a rural police force, and it has effected a temporary suspension of mortgage foreclosures to enable the small farmers to recover from the effects of the war.

The gaol was the lair of shameful injustice, and the very home of Yellow Jack. Poor wretches had been shut