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-this has been proved by experiment and each | upside down; the increase is prodigious; it beats generation has been said to average one hundred everything of the kind that I have ever seen, heard,

individuals; so that Réaumur's calculation, that a single female may be the progenitor of 5,904,900,000 descendants during her own life, large as the number is, is probably within the mark. Professor Rennie says that he has counted upwards of a thousand Aphides at a time upon a single hopleaf; supposing, therefore, each of the thousand to be capable of producing the number of descendants mentioned by Réaumur, we need not resort to the popular belief in the blight-producing property of the east wind to account for the rapidity with which a hop-garden is frequently overrun with a pest, against whose ravages no adequate protection has yet been discovered.

Whatever degree of qualification we may feel inclined to apply to the statements of the rate of increase of Aphides, it is undeniable that they do

on

or read of. Insects in general come from an eggthen turn to a caterpillar, which does nothing but eat then to a chrysalis, which does nothing but sleep-then to a perfect beetle or fly, which does nothing but increase its kind. But blights proceed altogether on another system; the young ones are born exactly like the old ones, but less; they stick their beaks through the rind, and begin drawing drawing sap when only a day old, and go quietly sucking away for days; and then, all at once, without love, courtship, or matrimony, each individual begins bringing forth young ones, ad continues to do so for months, at the rate of from a dozen to eighteen every day, and yet continues to increase in size all the while; there seem to be no males, no dronesall bring forth alike. Early in the year these blights are scattered along the stems, but as soon as the little ones come to light, and commence sapsucking close to their mother, the spaces get filled up, and the old ones look like giants among the rest

multiply with extreme rapidity, and their produc-as here and there an ox in a flock of sheep-when

tion is attended with circumstances which have no exact parallel in the kingdom. Certain two-winged flies are viviparous; that is, instead of depositing eggs, according to the general law obtaining among insects, their young ones are produced alive, in the form of larvæ or pupæ; but whether eggs are deposited, or living young brought forth, neither mode of increase takes place until the parent flies have paired. Aphides, on the contrary, at certain times of the year, are endowed with the remarkable faculty of producing living young without having previously paired; and this is not confined to the original parent, but is also shared by the descendants for several generations. Bonnet, a French naturalist, took the precaution to isolate some of the first-hatched wingless females of the Aphis inhabiting the oak tree, as soon as they were excluded from the egg, and he found, that in the course of three months, nine generations were successively produced in this way, although care was taken that no males should have access to the females. Towards autumn, however, the power of giving birth to a living progeny is lost, and eggs are deposited in the usual way. after pairing, no doubt because they are better adapted to withstand the rigors of winter than living individuals would be; and from these eggs the race is renewed in the following spring.

An accurate observer before quoted, who, under the pseudonyme of Rusticus, used to publish some extremely lively and pleasing descriptions of the every-day proceedings of animals, in a letter on " blights," details the mode of production of Aphides in the following words :

I have taken a good deal of pains to find out the birth and parentage of true blights; and for this purpose I have watched, day after day, the colonies of them in my own garden, and single ones which I have kept in-doors, and under tumblers turned

* We are happy to learn that the delightful papers on Natural History by Rusticus have been collected, and are now being printed in a handsome volume, (with illustrations,) from which we have been kindly allowed to make some quotations.

all the spare room is filled up, and the stalk com-
pletely covered. The young ones, on making their
first appearance in the world, seem rather posed as
to what to be at, and stand quietly on the backs of
the others for an hour or so: then, as if having
made up their minds, they toddle upwards, walking
on the backs of the whole flock till they arrive at
the upper end of the shoot, and then settle them-
selves quietly down, as close as possible to the
outermost of their friends, and then commence sap-
sucking like the rest; the flock by this means ex-
tends in length every day, and at last the growing
shoot is overtaken by their multitude, and complete
ly covered to the very tip. Towards autumn,
however, the blights undergo a change in their na-
ture, their feet stick close to the rind, their skin
opens along the back, and a winged blight comes
out the summer generations being generally wing-
less. These are male and female, and fly about
and enjoy themselves; and, what seems scarcely
credible, the winged females lay eggs, and whilst
this operation is going on, a solitary, winged blight
may be observed on the under side of the leaves, or
on the young shoots, particularly on the hop, and
differing from all its own progeny in being winged
and nearly black, whereas its progeny are green
and without wings. These are mysteries which I
leave you entomologists to explain. In May, a fly
lays a lot of eggs; these eggs hatch and become
blights; these blights are viviparous, and that with-
out the usual union of the sexes, and so are their
children and grandchildren-the number of births
depending solely on the quantity and quality of
their food; at last, as winter approaches, the whole
generation, or series of generations, assumes wings,
which the parents did not possess, undergoes fre-
quently a change in color, and in the spring, instead
of being viviparous, lays eggs.-(Letters of Rusti-
cus, p. 67.)

To the singular tribe of blights we are now treating on belongs the hop-fly-an insect, which, as Rusticus well says, "has more rule over the pockets and tempers of mankind, than any other; its abundance or scarcity being the almost only criterion of a scarcity or abundance in the crops of hops." It is scarcely necessary to allude to the speculative operations which arise from this cause. Rusticus contrasts the amount of duty paid in 1802, with that paid in 1825 and 1826. The for- gled;" an hypothesis as tenable as that of Pliny, mer year was favorable to the increase of the hop- who hesitated whether he should call honey-dew, fly, and the duty paid was £15,463 10s. 5d. The the substance alluded to, "the sweat of the heavfluctuations of the years 1825 and 1826 are so cu-ens, the saliva of the stars, or the liquid produced rious, that we quote the passage :

In 1825, the duty commenced at 130,000l., but, owing to the excessive increase of the fly, had, in July, fallen to 16,000l.; at the beginning of September, it rose to 29,000l., but towards the end fell again to 22,0007.; the amount paid was 24,3171. Os. 11d. In the following year the summer was remarkably dry and hot; we could hardly sleep of nights with the sheets on; the thermometer for several nights continued above 70 degrees all the night through the crop of hops was immense,

scarcely a fly was to be found, and the betted duty,

by the purgation of the air." Trees and other plants are sometimes greatly disfigured by the quantity of this sweet clammy substance, which not only gives them an unsightly appearance, but prevents the leaves from performing their proper functions. Much has been written upon honeydew and its origin; some authors have described it as "a peculiar haze or mist, loaded with a poisonous miasm," by which the leaves are stimulated to the morbid secretion of a saccharine and viscid

juice; others have ascribed it to electrical causes; which begun in May, at 120,000l., rose to 265,000l.; and others, again, have believed it to be produced the old duty actually paid was 269,3311. Os. 9d.; by the leaves of plants, in consequence of their the gross duty, 468,4011. 16s. 1d., being the largest roots being attacked by insects. The truth is, amount ever known. From this it will appear that, however, that honey-dew is a peculiar syrupy fluid, in duty alone, a little, insignificant-looking fly has secreted by Aphides, and expelled from their bodis control over 450,000l. annual income to the British through two short tubes placed on their bact. treasury; and, supposing the hop-grounds of England capable of paying this duty annually, which That this is its true origin has been well ascerthey certainly are, it is very manifest, that in 1825, tained. It never occurs on plants on which the these creatures were the means of robbing the Aphides are not present at the same time, or which treasury of 426,000l. This seems a large sum, have not been recently infested by them; it is albut it is not one twentieth part of the sums gained ways deposited on the upper side of the leaf; and and lost by dealers during the two years in question.-(Letters, p. 75.)

Rusticus, in the following passage, describes some of the curious effects of the attacks of blights, or Aphides, upon the plants infested by them.

All blights infest the young and juicy shoots and leaves of plants, for the purpose of sap-sucking; and the plants honored by their operations forthwith play the most amusing and incredible vagaries; bearing blossoms instead of leaves, leaves instead of blossoms; twisting into corkscrews stems which ought to be straight, and making straight as sticks those which, as the scarlet-runner and hop, ought to twine; sometimes, as in the peach, making the leaves hump up in the middle, and causing the tree to look as though it had a famous crop of young fruit; making apple-trees bear blossoms on their roots, and causing roots to grow out of their young shoots; and, by tormenting orchards in this way, preventing the fruit from ripening, and making it woolly, tasteless, and without juice. It is amusing to see with what regularity the blights station themselves on the young shoots of the guelder-rose, crowding so close together, that not a morsel of the rind is to be seen, and not unfrequently forming a double tier, or two thicknesses; the poor sprig losing its formal, unbending, upright position, and writhing itself into strange contortions.-(Letters, p. 66.)

the insects may be actually observed in the act of expelling it from their tubes. On one occasion we saw this honey-dew falling in such quantities from a cherry-tree trained against a wall, and standing at the proper angle with regard to the sun, that a beautiful little Iris was formed in the shower, with all the proper colors, just as a simi lar bow may be produced at will by directing a stream of water from a garden-engine against a wall, so as to form a fine spray, opposite the sun. Mr. Robert Patterson, in his delightful little book on "The Natural History of the Insects mentioned in Shakspeare's Plays," relates a circumstance which fell under his own observation. He says

On a fine day, in the month of September, 1829, when I was visiting the beautiful demesne of Lord Annesley, at Castle-wellan, I noticed a holly-tree, on which a number of wasps were continually alighting, running rapidly over its leaves, and flitting from branch to branch. A number of holly-trees were scattered over the lawn; but not one exhibited the same exhilarating bustle. I sat down beside it, to endeavor to ascertain what peculiar attraction this tree possessed, and soon found that the wasps were not its only visitors. A number of ants were plodding quietly along its twigs and leaves, exhibiting, by their staid and regular deportment, a singular contrast to the rapid and vacillating movements of the wasps. I now discovered that both ants and wasps were attracted by a substance which was plentifully sprinkled over all the leaves the celebrated honey-dew of the poets. This substance is

Independently of the direct injuries to plants arising from the sap-sucking propensities of Aphides, there is another effect produced by them, by which all the old naturalists were exceedingly a secretion deposited by a small insect, which is puzzled. Even White could not account for the green upon the rose-tree, and black upon the wood

"viscous substance" which enveloped his honeysuckles, otherwise than by supposing "that in hot weather the effluvia of flowers in fields and meadows and gardens are drawn up in the day by a brisk evaporation, and then in the night fall down again with the dews, in which they are entan

bine, and which entomologists distinguish by the generic name of Aphis. The liquid they deposit is perfectly pure, and rivals either sugar or honey in Its sweetness. The ants not only suck it up with eagerness, whenever it can be found, but they pos sess the art of making the Aphides yield it by patting them gently with their antenne; and one particular

species of ant is said to confine the Aphides in apart- | eaten?" Why, it is with reference to the latter Gurney Bevan, in a chemical establishment in Lon- | self in French and German, and made further obdon, and now his pursuits were congenial to his servations in astronomy, besides aiding in the for

ments constructed solely for that purpose, to supply them with food, to protect them from danger, and to take, in every respect, as much care of them as we should do of our milch cattle. (p. 144.)

Strange and almost incredible as this proceed ing on the part of the ants may appear, it has been fully verified by accurate observers. One little extract from Rusticus may be quoted in reference to the connection of the ants and Aphides, as well

as to show the kind of enemies the latter are exposed to.

You will never find a plant of any kind infested with the Aphis, without also observing a number of ants and lady-birds among them, and also a queerlooking insect, like a fat lizard, which is, in fact, the caterpillar of the lady-bird. The connection of the ants and the Aphis is of the most peaceful kind that can be conceived; their object is the honeydew which the Aphis emits: and, far from hurting the animal which affords them this pleasant food, they show it the greatest possible attention and kindness licking it all over with their little tongues, and fondling it, and patting it, and caressing it with their antennæ in the kindest, prettiest way imaginable; not so the lady-bird, or its lizard-like caterpillar; these feed on the blights most voraciously, a single grub clearing a leaf, on which were forty or more, in the course of a day. The perfect ladybird is a decided enemy to them, but not so formidable a one as the grub. The eggs of the ladybird may often be seen on the hop-leaf; they are yellow, and five or six in a cluster placed on their ends; these should on no account be destroyed, as is too often the case, but, on the contrary, every encouragement should be given to so decided a friend to the hop-grower.

Besides the lady-bird and its grub, there are two other terrible enemies of the poor Aphis; one of these is a green, ungainly-looking grub, without legs, which lies flat on the surface of the leaf, and stretches out its neck, just like a leech, till it touches one of them; directly he feels one he seizes it in his teeth, and holds it up, wriggling in the air, till he has sucked all the goodness out of it, and left a mere empty skin. This curious creature turns to a fly which has a body banded with different colors, and which in summer you may often observe under trees and about flowers, standing quite still in the air as though asleep, yet, if you try to catch him, darting off like an arrow. The other has six legs, and very large, strong, curved jaws, and is a most ferocious looking fellow, strutting about with the skins of the blights which he has killed on his back. This fierce fellow comes to a

very beautiful fly, with four wings, all divided into meshes, like a net, and two beautiful golden eyes. All these creatures, which thus live on the plantlice, have a very strong and disagreeable smell in the perfect state.-(Letters of Rusticus, p. 77.)

We must borrow one quotation from the Episodes, showing the equanimity with which the Aphides sustain the attacks of their insect foes.

Let us conclude our "Article on Aphides" with a few distinguishing traits of their personal charactor and peculiar physiology. "Character! (say you) what scope for the display of character in a little denizen whose world is comprised in a single leaf or flower-bud-who is born but to eat and be VOL. XX. 2

CCXLII.

LIVING AGE.

point, that very law of its existence which condemns it to be eaten, that our little Aphis exhibits a notable pattern in the virtue of passive endurance and submission to the decrees of fate. Never did Turk bend his neck to the bow-string, or rush upon the scimetar with more perfect composure and nonchalance, than does our lamb of the leaf submit itself to the murderous jaws of its lion-like or wolflike destroyers, seeming perfectly at ease, and enjoying life to the last bite or sup, while its merciless slaughterers are heaping up carcasses around. One of their devourers, indeed, the grub or larva before mentioned of the lace-winged fly, seems to play the part of a wolf in sheep's clothing, dressing itself up in the skins of the slain; but as the composure of the Aphis flock appears equally undisturbed where no such disguise is put on, it would be unfair to suppose they are deceived into philosophy. But perhaps, (say you,) they are not aware of the presence of their enemies." Possibly not; but yet they seem to have the same organs of perception as other victimized insects, which, under the same circumstances, generally testify alarm, and make vigorous efforts to escape.

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And here we must conclude our imperfect and superficial view of an inexhaustible subject. It was our intention to have brought upon the stage other performers, and to have exhibited them in other scenes equally wonderful with those described; we had also prepared some elaborate remarks upon classification and system, intending that the scientific should have followed the popular as a sort of make-weight; but alas!

The best laid schemes o' mice an' men
Gang aft a-gley.

We have already exceeded our limits, and must here finish our attempts to show that the meanest insect possesses claims to consideration which only require to be seen and understood to be universally acknowledged.

From Chambers' Journal

WILLIAM ALLEN.

WILLIAM ALLEN, one of the most enlightened and untiring philanthropists of modern times, was the son of Job Allen, a silk manufacturer in Spitalfields, and in youth gave promise of that spirit of enterprise for which he was afterwards distinguished. At the age of fourteen he constructed a telescope to assist himself in the study of astronomy; and, as he mentions, not being "strong in cash," he contrived to make the instrument of pasteboard and lenses, which cost him a shilling. Homely as was the device, he adjusted the glasses so skilfully, that, to his delight, he could discover the satellites of Jupiter. Chemistry was, however, his favorite pursuit; and even when a child, he made frequent experiments in that science. He possessed good natural abilities, but they were not much cultivated by education, for he was employed in his father's business, to which he devoted himself with diligence and attention until his twentysecond year.

In 1792 he entered into partnership with Joseph tastes. Success attended his professional labors; but his diligence did not by any means prevent his attention to general science, nor obstruct the operation of an earnest philanthropy. William Allen was a member of the Society of Friends, and that is almost saying that his views were practical, and directed to social improvement. Blessed with a kindly disposition and enlarged understanding, he seems from the beginning of his career to have invented and wrought out schemes of human amelioration. To do good, not merely to talk about it, was the leading feature of his energetic character. Shortly after beginning business, he, in connection with Astley Cooper, Dr. Babington, Joseph Fox, and others, formed a philosophical society; and he talks in his diary of "sitting up all night preparing for lectures and making experiments." He was introduced in 1794 to Clarkson; and the unity of feeling subsisting between them cemented a friendship which lasted for half a century. Mr. Bevan retired from business three years subsequent to the period at which Mr. Allen entered the firm, and the young man then became leading partner. He married, and we now see him happy and prosperous; his duties were his delight; and domestic love shed its hallowed influence on his path. Brief, however, was the duration of felicity; for, ten months after his marriage, death deprived him of his amiable partner, and left him with a motherless infant. This sad event for a time so completely unhinged him, that he was unable to continue his favorite pursuits. It did not, however, deaden his sympathies, for in 1797, in conjunction with a Mr. William Phillips, he formed what was long known as "The Spitalfields Soup Society," to which he gave up all his energies. In March, 1798, the name of William Allen appears also on a list of the committee of "The Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor;" and these societies proved highly beneficial at a time when bread was seventeenpence-halfpenny a loaf. But his benevolence was not confined to public charities, for he was

mation of geological and mineralogical societies, and becoming a member of the Board of Agriculture, where he gave frequent lectures. From this time his public engagements were so numerous, that we can here only glance at them. We are astonished, as we proceed, to find that a comparatively humble individual, in the course of a brief life, was enabled to accomplish such a vast amount of good as he effected.

In 1801, Mr. Allen became a lecturer at the Askesian Society, (the name now given to the Philosophical Society before-mentioned.) The next year he joined the Linnæan Society, and lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. The year following he was elected one of the presidents at Guy's, and by the advice of friends, accepted an invitation from the Royal Institution, of which he was a member, to become one of their lecturers. In 1804 he gave (in the whole) as many as 108 lectures. He had now all but reached the pinnacle of fame, and wealth and honors lay temptingly before him. It is obvious, however, that his object was not self-aggrandizement or worldly applause, but that his motives were purely disinterested; for we find him devoting his property, talents, and health wholly to the benefit of his fellow-creatures. In 1805 he joined the committee formed by Clarkson, Wilberforce, and others, for the abolition of the slave trade. This iniquitous traffic had long drawn forth his warmest sympathies; and, when quite young, he made a resolution never to use sugar (which was procured principally by the labor of negroes) until the freedom of the slaves was secured. This enthusiasm continued for forty-three years. Nor was his heart less feelingly alive to the sufferings of his fellow-countrymen. He recognized the claims of " a man and a brother," however low he had sunk in wretchedness and vice, and bent his energies to the reformation of the criminal code, especially to the subject of punishment by death. For this object a party of seven gentlemen dined together at his house in Plough

daily seen entering the abodes of misery, and de-Court in July, 1808, and formed themselves into a voting himself to other labors of love. It was, society. The punishment of death was at that

time inflicted for very slight offences. In 1813 we find him interesting himself for a young man who, being convicted of jumping in at a window, and stealing certain articles of very little value, was condemned to death. The following is an extract from a letter he wrote to Lord Sidmouth on the subject: - "Shall a person to whom, be it remembered, society has failed in its duty, by suffering him to grow up in ignorance for the crime of stealing to the amount of a few shillings, and without any aggravating circumstances, suffer the very same punishment which you inflict upon him who has been guilty of the most barbarous murder, and, in short, endure the greatest punishment which one human being can inflict upon another? To reform the guilty, and to restore

however, for a time only that his ardor in the pursuit of scientific investigation was checked; for, two years after, he resumed his labors in that branch of knowledge with renewed vigor. It is not generally desirable for a young man, who is anxious to succeed in one particular department of science, to divide his attention among others; but we can scarcely quarrel with William Allen, though we find him one day with Astley Cooper and Dr. Bradley trying experiments in respiration; another with Humphry Davy making discoveries in electricity; on a third, freezing quicksilver with muriate of lime, &c., with his friend Pepys; and, on the following, with Dr. Jenner and others making observations on the cow-pox. About this time, too, he entered rather deeply into the study of botany, gained some knowledge of drawing, engaged a them as useful members of the community, is a tutor to assist him in mathematics, improved him-glorious triumph of humanity, and marks a state rising in the scale of civilization; but to have no people were no doubt surprised at this unexpected other resource than the punishment of death, re- arrival; but there was no commotion. The stranminds me of the miserable subterfuge of a barbar-gers took their seats along with the rest of the ous age, barren in expedients to save, strong only congregation; and, when the meeting broke up, to destroy." It is gratifying to state that the ap- expressed themselves pleased with their visit. plication was successful. In the same year Mr. The year 1815 is marked by fresh labors in the Allen became treasurer to the British and Foreign cause of benevolence. Allen's ever-active mind School Society; and the affairs of Joseph Lancas- now projected an institution for the reformation of ter were now in such a state of embarrassment, juvenile criminals; and, in the ensuing year, in that a vigorous effort was necessary to prevent this the midst of these numerous engagements, he excellent institution from falling to the ground, brought out a journal, entitled "The Philanthronotwithstanding the indefatigable labors of its wor- pist," the object of which was to show that each thy founder. His heart was set on this new un-individual may in some measure alleviate the sufdertaking, for in his diary he says: "Of all the ferings of his fellow-creatures, and add to the concerns that I have anything to do with, the Lan- amount of human happiness. In 1816 he entered casterian lies the most heavily on my mind." This upon another new and important sphere of usefulschool business brought him into frequent commu-ness, which was visits to the different European nication with different members of the royal family, countries, for the purpose of ascertaining, from who had become its patrons. Among these was personal inquiry, the state of prison discipline, and

the Duke of Kent; and his royal highness conceived such a strong regard for him, that he ever treated him as a confidential and attached friend. In 1813 we find our philanthropist forming fresh plans of benevolence in the erection of savings

examining into the subjects of national education, the condition of the poor, and liberty of conscience. After such investigations, he proceeded to the various courts, and made known his observations, at the same time suggesting such improvements as

banks. To a friend at Bristol he writes: "Hast were deemed necessary to the case. He was in

thou turned thy attention to the subject of a bank for the poor, in which their little savings of threepence or sixpence a week might accumulate for their benefit? I have consulted Morgan, the great calculator, and he is to sketch me a plan."

These plans were carried into effect three years after. The same year, from a pure desire to improve the condition of the poor, he united with the schemes which Robert Owen was then carrying out at Lanark. He was urged to this step by the solicitations of his friends; but it subsequently caused him much distress of mind, owing to the very opposite views which he and Mr. Owen held on the subject of religion. In the February of 1814, Wilberforce interested Allen and Clarkson for the Lascars and Chinese; and with them sought and obtained permission to visit the barracks at

most instances well received, though he sometimes had to contend with strong opposition from those who thought knowledge too powerful an instrument to be placed in the hands of the mass. He brought forth arguments showing the fallacy of this idea, and proving that ignorance is an insurmountable barrier to the progress of morality and civilization. He also strongly maintained the rights of conscience, asserting that "the business of civil governors is the protection of the people in their rights and privileges; but that they have nothing to do in matters of religion, provided that the good order of the community is not disturbed." The first of these journeys was taken in company with several friends. After crossing to Calais, they passed through Belgium and Holland into Germany and Switzerland. At Geneva Mr. Allen experienced

Ratcliff, where two hundred of those unhappy a severe shock in the death of his second wife.

He deeply felt her loss, and soon after returned to his native land. His second tour was commenced in August, 1818. He was then accompanied by Mr. Stephen Grellet. Their first mission was to Norway, and from thence they passed into Sweden. At Stockholm they had a private interview with the king, to whom they had previously sent

creatures were living in a most deplorable condition. The Lascars' Society was in consequence formed for their relief. Mr. Allen also associated himself with the Peace Society; and when the allied sovereigns visited London, a deputation from the Society of Friends presented addresses to them. The address of the Emperor of Russia was sent to Count Lieven, and on the day follow- an address on the important subjects before-men

ing Mr. Allen waited on that nobleman, to make arrangements for its presentation. Greatly to his astonishment, instead of a ceremonious reception, the count was awaiting his arrival in his carriage. Having invited him to enter, he said that the em

tioned. As their salutation on parting was rather uncommon, we will give the account from his diary. "The king was most kind and cordial. While I was holding his hand to take leave, in the love which I felt for him, I expressed my desire that

peror had expressed a desire to attend a Friends' the Lord would bless and preserve him. It seemed meeting, and proposed that they should therefore to go to his heart, and he presented his cheeks for embrace the present opportunity. They accord- me to kiss, first one, then the other. He took the ingly drove off to Count Nesselrode's, where the same leave of Stephen and Enoch, [friends who emperor, the Grand Duchess of Oldenburg, the were with him,] and commended himself to our Duke of Oldenburg, and the Duke of Wurtemburg prayers." The party then embarked for Finland, joined them, and they rode together to the nearest and journeyed on to St. Petersburg. The emperor meeting-house then open for devotion. The good was absent when they arrived at the Russian cap

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