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35. The little senate " referred to here contains two names worth a mention. Eustace Budgell, Addison's mother's sister's son, was a lawyer, or "Templar," who lived a great deal under Addison's care, and was a sort of private secretary to him, when in office. He is credited with some good papers in the Spectator. He separated from Addison before the latter's death, and the later years of his life were clouded with melancholy, ending in suicide at the age of fifty-seven. The other is Thomas Tickell, a mediocre poet, whose success in life was mainly due to the friendship and patronage of Addison. He is to be remembered for three things: first, that his attempt to translate the "Iliad" into English embroiled Addison (most unjustly) with Pope; second, that Addison's kindness in getting Tickell the under-secretaryship of state in 1717 chagrined Steele, and began the coolness between him and his old friend; third, that Tickell's eulogy on Addison is a remarkable instance of how strong feelings produce good poetry from a man not otherwise inspired. Addison made Tickell his literary executor, and he published the first edition of Addison's works.

36. The quarrel with Pope and the quarrel with Steele, such as it was, need not be treated at greater length than is done in the essay. Pope should be further studied for his own sake, however. Perhaps the best plan would be to read Lowell's essay on Pope, or Leslie Stephen's memoir of Pope in the English Men of Letters Series. For the character of Steele's life and work one should certainly not trust to Macaulay. Books to consult are "Selections from the Works of Steele," by G. R. Carpenter; "Steele," by Austin Dobson; "Life of Steele," by G. A. Aitken. Lastly, the great Dean Swift comes into close relations with Addison. Swift's "Journal to Stella" gives an idea of their friendship and its gradual cooling. For the study of Swift, see "Swift," by Leslie Stephen, and Craik's "Life

of Swift." It is certainly interesting that these three, the greatest minds in Addison's circle of friends, did not maintain their intimacy.

37. It is not part of the editor's intention to add to the student's task the close study of the age of Macaulay. But it would be ungrateful to Lord Macaulay not to wish to know anything more of his life than the reading of this essay involves. Trevelyan's biography, at least in selections, will be at once a sufficient reference for this purpose, and is for its own sake, as almost a classic biography already, to be suggested to the young student of English literature. Macaulay went on writing for the Edinburgh Review a succession of brilliant papers. These were collected and published in 1843, rather against his wishes. He thought them of temporary interest only, and scarcely worthy of preservation in book form. They have, however, remained ever since among the most popular books in the English language. About six thousand copies a year of them in various editions are sold in his native country alone, and the demand for them is so steady as to be, like the demand for herrings in Holland, a sort of index from year to year of the country's prosperity. In 1830 Macaulay entered Parliament, being helped to get a seat there by Lord Lansdowne, who did not know him, but was interested in him by reading his essay on Mill. The most famous of these essays on literary subjects are those on Addison, Milton, Bunyan, and Johnson. On historical subjects the best essays are on Hallam, Temple (thought the best of all by Morison), Pitt, Clive, and Warren Hastings. There are famous passages also in the essay on Ranke's "History of the Popes," and in that on Bacon.

38. Macaulay remained in Parliament through the great contest for reform in Parliament in 1832. His speeches made about that time on the passage of the great Reform Bill are very famous. In 1834 he received an honorable

and lucrative appointment in India. He here lived till 1838, doing excellent work for the government, and for himself reading enormously in the Greek and Latin classics, as was the habit of his life. He then returned to England in 1839 and re-entered political life as member of Parliament for Edinburgh. He continued to write at intervals, bringing out, among the other things which every school-boy knows, the "Lays of Ancient Rome," in 1842. He now began also in the intervals of political life to write his great "History of England." The first volumes of this appeared in 1848, followed by two more in 1855. This work may be called the most popular book of the sort ever printed in English. The publishers were able, in March of 1856, to pay him in one single check £20,000, for his share of the profits of one English edition. The number of editions of this great book is now quite beyond computation; and its sale still often exceeds that of the most popular novel of a year. It made him one of the most famous historians in Europe. But the plan of the work was so great that even with all his wonderful industry it was never finished. It remains, like a broken statue, just as the author left it at his death, not half completed according to his design.

39. Macaulay's political life was full of prosperity, checkered with less adversity than falls to the lot of most politicians. He lost his seat at Edinburgh, but was afterwards triumphantly re-elected. In 1839 he was a member of Lord Melbourne's government. In 1857 he was made Baron Macaulay of Rothley Temple. But the larger part of his interest lay always with his literary and historical work, upon which he labored, till, in 1859, he died, not unprepared by gradually failing health for that event, though it came to him at the early age of fifty-nine. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the Poets' Corner near the statue of Addison. His "Life and Letters," re

ferred to above, has been published by his nephew, Sir George Trevelyan. It is one of the best biographies ever written, and is again much to be commended to the general reader who desires to know more of a noble man.

40. As to Macaulay's "position in literature," the question may be said to be still undetermined. We wait for a thorough analysis of his work by the critics, and the critics wait for the final judgment of posterity. During his life he was esteemed even beyond measure by his countrymen. After his death came a sort of reaction against this popularity. The tide, however, seems to be setting again the other way. At any rate, no one has ever denied that his narrative power in history is unapproached. And, as Mr. Saintsbury says in his latest criticism of Macaulay, he is certainly a very great man of letters, and "an unsurpassed leader to reading."

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS AND

STUDENTS

I. THE first purpose in the mind of both teachers and students must be to use the two essays of Macaulay, as the author intended them to be used, not so much as objects of study in themselves as a help toward the study of the authors to whom they are dedicated. Of course they should be read carefully and intelligently, with due attention to the significance of the wealth of allusions by which Macaulay often conveys points in his discussions-points not to be understood by one who is ignorant of the general facts alluded to. The important thing, however, is that the pupil should learn, through Macaulay, to know Milton and Addison, and should keep this purpose uppermost in his mind in all his study of them.

II. This object will be served by asking the students to make outline sketches of the contents of each essay and of the several topics handled in each section of each essay. Written summaries may be composed in the class extempore, or given from memory after preparation. Students may also be asked to study the Introduction in the same way. The Introduction, which is meant to be read as a whole, apart from the work upon the essays, is supposed to put the student in an attitude of general intelligence toward the essays themselves and the subjects treated, as well as this can be managed without much reading in many books. It may not be necessary for the pupils to read the whole Introduction very carefully; the good teacher will gather from it him

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