even of the middle classes now beginning to cause a deadness of feeling for others? And is 'there not something like excuse for it? He that careth not for his own, is worse that an infidel. In short, all society wants relief: there may be, and there are, millionares; but we have discovered, of late, and shall continue to do so periodically, that many of those reputed to be so, sustain a state which their annual clear incomes from rents and profits do not altogether justify. Then comes the crash, the ruin, the suspension of trade, the increase of poverty; and, when the cup is full, the increase and outbreak of crime. General poverty is the head and front of European revolutions. England's watchmen must look out, lest the dismal night come upon them unawares. They must provide against it. And a happy thing it is, under God's blessing, that they can do so.

But first, what is this confined area of England, Ireland, and Scotland? It is 90,000 square miles. What its population? 28,000,000; or 308 souls to every square mile. There is nothing like this in the wide world. Take France, Austria, and Prussia, together, where revolutions have taken place, and the average per square mile is only 204. In Russia it is only 2 per square mile. Can any one doubt for an instant that this is a redundant, a surplus population? We are crammed, and jammed, and unable in this area to exercise all our powers. Is a room crowded with people the place to obtain or retain health? When some walk out, is it not more wholesome for all? The room in England is crammed; and we must encourage the redundancy to fill the other lands we possess. This points to emigration.

But first a word on expatriation; and I address this as well to the government as to capitalists and manufacturers.

For the last ten years, we have poured into the United States of America about 100,000 people annually, that is 1,000,000 of people. Now it is a singular ascertained fact, the States being, to a great extent, manufacturers, that these million of Englishmen consume of our fabrics, piece goods, hardware, &c. only 5s. 6d. worth every year; whereas had they gone to Natal, Cape of Good Hope, or Australia, £7 10s. worth. Take then this population as consumers; 1,000,000 of people in our own Southern Colonies consume at £7 10s.

In the United States they encourage our trade only to the extent of 5s. 6d. per head

Loss sustained to our trade by not directing emigration to the Southern colonies

£7,500,000

281,250

£7,218,750

Let statesmen and manufacturers think of this, and not make so much of foreign trade.

Of all our manufactured goods the population of Russia consumes 74d. per head; that of the German league 83d.; of the French empire, about 1s. 5d.; of the United States, 5s. 6d.; of Canada, £1 15s.; and of Australia, £7 10s. per pead per annum. As customers, therefore, for our produce and manufactures, every man, woman, and child in your Southern colonies is worth four Canadians, twenty-seven

Americans, one hundred Frenchmen, and two hundred Russians and Germans. Blink not this fact.

Of cotton goods, the United states and all our emigrants who go there, consume only 10d. a head, in Australia, 19s. 6d. per head; at the Cape of Good Hope, £1. And are not you, ministers of state, you, members of parliament, and manufacturers, led, nay, bound by interest, to render yourselves independent of America for the raw material of your principal export? While Natal and Australia can supply you with cotton, will you be listless on this vital question? To hold such splendid colonies, and not to encourage them, is as bad as depopulating an English country by bad government. What! is England now full, and is the increase of her population, notwithstanding her emigration, the awful number of 365,000 per annum? What can you do but assist in their removal to your Colonies? Can you, undismayed, look forward to your population ten years hence being four millions more than at present? French labourers requiring to be fed, caused the revolution there. Take care, or it will do the same here, notwithstanding the inherent loyalty of Englishmen. All Europe has been craving for bread and labor. In England, revolution attempted by chartists and others, has been deferred: thanks to the two institutions amongst you; your above-cited poor-law, and your savings banks. But beware lest your poor law become too burthensome to pay: take care that you have not to distrain. Amidst your increased distress! beware of that. When that day comes, the savings banks will be your ruin. Then will the evil day, even for the rich, arrive. The poor must be paid, and the poor will claim bread also. That will be a note of dismay indeed.* It will seize all. Let us then grow wise, using our means wisely; and those incubuses, as some affect to call the colonies, will be our salvation, as a people, and a prosperous people too. The money invested in the savings banks, club subscriptions, the poor law, and other charities, are your securities for peace at home. If cancelled by increasing poverty and want of means, among the classes at present better off, the lower classes being no longer under bond for good behaviour, will be found restive beyond social controul or legal restraint. That will be an evil day indeed! and every man is called on to do his best to meet the case, or to ward off the evil. Thus do I lay earnestly Emigration before the community as the natural safety valve for England's sons and daughters.

* Look at your population increased since 1810 at the rate of 60 per cent. but crime 420 per cent. England is on a precipice. Let Emigration then be encouraged in every possible way. Every man that is enabled to emigrate, enables one to come out of the workhouse, and prevents another going to the jail. Look at your convict stock now on hand, 60,000! Well might one of Her Majesty's ministers say to me, "What can we do with these convicts in case of an uproar with Chartists ?" Do? Form a new convict station and further honest emigration to every colony. If it is not done, the expense of criminals to the country will, in a few years, run a race with poor rates. The maintenance alone of these 60,000 criminals amounts to a million sterling now. Left alone, weeds grow faster than any crop that is planted; and crime propagates itself. It is already a greater scourge on the nation than any physical epidemic. Let the words be repeated: while population increases sixty per cent., crime increases four hundred and twenty per cent!

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You have lately discovered, small comparatively as the foreign trade of England is, that, different institutions prevailing there, the community may be disturbed. Their trade in all such cases, and generally it may be feared, will decrease. Similar institutions to those of England existing in our colonies, you will not be subject to these alternations of trade resulting from political outbreaks. High stations are deeply responsible: who can measure it? But nevertheless courage and stern virtue can do much. Principles that have passed as sound, must be questioned. They may be right, or otherwise. It has been said that commerce cannot be forced. That is a mistake. Direct that 100,000 emigrants towards your own colonies, and you will at once force a trade of £7,000,000 sterling, and no mistake. Or will you let them deport themselves, without your aid, to that country of which you begin to be jealous as rival manufacturers and almost the only growers of cotton? Look again at the bare possibility of your labourers demanding and getting 3 francs, or 2s. 6d. a day for creating anarchy: can England bear further burthens, with a debt of £800,000,000 about her neck? Scan the horizon: it would be a fearful prospect, did we not in the distance see more unoccupied land belonging to us, and fitter for us, by its salubrity, than all Europe put together. These are the anchors of your hope.

A CALL FOR EMIGRANTS.

What need of all this fuss and strife,
Each warring with his brother?
Why should we in the crowd of life
Keep trampling down each other?
Is there no goal that can be won,
Without a squeeze to gain it—
No other way of getting on,
But scrambling to obtain it?
Oh! fellow men, hear wisdom then,

In friendly warning call

"Your claims divide-the world is wide-
There's room enough for all.”

What if the sturdy peasant find
No field for honest labour!
He need not idly stop behind.
To thrust aside his neighbour.
There is a land with sunny skies,
Where gold for toil is giving,
Where every brawny arm that tries
Its strength, can grasp a living.
Oh! fellow men, remember then,
Whatever chance befall,

The world is wide,-where those abide
There's room enough for all.

From poison'd air we breathe in courts

And typhus-tainted alleys,

Come forth, and dwell where health resorts,
In fertile hills and valleys;

Where every arm that clears a bough
Finds plenty in attendance;
And every furrow of the plough
A step to independence.

Oh! hasten, then, from fever'd den
And lodging cramped and small;
The world is wide,-in lands beside
There's room enough for all.

In this fair region far away,

Will labour find employment;
A fair day's work, a fair day's pay
And toil will earn employment.
What need then of your daily strife,

Where each wars with his brother?
Why need we, through the crowd of life,
Keep trampling down each other?
From rags and crime South Afric's clime
Will free the pauper's thrall;

Take fortune's tide,-the world so wide
Has room enough for all.

Emigration should be the prime subject of the day for philanthropists, governors, manufacturers, and religionists. To be complete, it should be systematic; and to be productive of present and lasting benefit, it should include all classes; the capitalist, the artizan, the farm labourer, the minister, the physician, the enlightened, and the unenlightened: The capitalist, to encourage the developement of the resources of the new conntry, and the labourer to spring the mine of agricultural and mineral wealth. We are in the order of Providence: "Get thee out of thy fathers' country unto a land that I will show thee." "Replenish the earth, and subdue it." "I made it to be inhabited." And upon all this land He sends the dew and the rain, watering it abundantly, and then sends forth the sun daily to fructify but man is absent. We almost spurn God's gifts: We do not go forth to our labor there until the evening: We leave the grass to grow upon the mountains, and the green herb for the service of men rots perennially.

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Emigration is a nationally philosophic question, politically philosophic, religiously philosophic, economically philosophic, and productively philosophic.

Such a discussion, however, is too long for this occasion: but it is a subject in which Her Majesty's subjects are deeply interested: and if £1000 were given by parliament for the best work upon the subject, thereby turning all minds to the step, an impetus and a systematic movement might be created to fortify, to enrich, and to bless the nation. We shall, from a small people, cause mighty nations to arise. Just government is the only sound policy, and conferring that, we shall be magnified before all the world. Thus, also, having Englishmen numerously peopling our possessions, danger of their being attacked by foreigners will become less and less. Then may we safely withdraw our troops, and England be less taxed. Equal rights and

If

self government will make every Briton a brave and loyal man. the right thing be done for Natal, though it is but a colony of yesterday, no troops will be required there in two years. It has been wisely said, the colonies are integral portions of the empire: Let me add, that if this be practically followed up, the colonies will be sister states to England; England herself the first among equals. Rome, where is thy shadow? Assyria, Egypt, Greece, where are your shadows? They are not even splendid ruins: all are debased. How are they fallen who did rule the nations! These were all attempts, splendid attempts, to possess the world; but diversities of language and race prevented. But, happy England! thou art the hive of nations, and all thy colonies are distant flower gardens, where thy own language alone is spoken; where thy people may peacefully gather the honey of industry; where freedom of thought prevails; where every social, economical, and religious privilege may be enjoyed; and if you will not be too fastidious at first, where an elegant sufficiency and solid independence may be attained.

The total amount of poor rates collected in England and Wales since 1839, is upwards of £50,000,000. Now had parliament at that period guaranteed a loan of that amount, on the security of a County Emigration Rate, each county being privileged to send emigrants according to its assessment;-or had the nation promoted emigration to the extent of five millions of people more than has taken place during that period, we should now have had an annual export trade of £50,000,000 more than at present. Our poor rates would have been diminished, the distress and famine in Ireland and Scotland might have been averted, and the outlay occasioned by those calamities might have been saved.

The mathematician once said-"Give me whereon to stand, and I will move the world." Patriot noblemen and members of parliament, is not this enough to stand on to induce you to move your country to a mighty effort? The luxury of doing good, is the first of enjoyments. If some of our young talented and noble aristocracy would but lead the way by emigrating on the plan here proposed, or any better, their tenants would say to them, "Whither thou goest I will go, where thou lodgest I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God; where thou diest I will die, and there will I be buried;" they would taste of a perennial spring of joy. They would replant concord in the land of their adoption; the old attachment of the people to noble leaders would be revived, and the British monarchy would be perpetuated over that one third of the globe which is England's inheritance.

The first aim of England should not be to get the greatest value out of her colonies. Direct and indirect taxation should both be eschewed. The high aim should be to attain the position of a superintending, benignant providence; blessing her colonies, by bestowing upon them all her cherished institutions, by introducing her science, her arts, and her civilization, and by sending forth her ministers to proclaim "Glory to God in the highest,-on earth, peace, -good will towards men."