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Owen, Mr., his new society, 104, his co-operative system, 486 Occupations, analysis of, in Great Britain, 549

Paine Thomas, his ingenuity and errors, 419, his definition of society, 428

Paley, Dr., his practical sense and ability, 417, remarks on political discussion, 466 Paper currency, origin of, 143, relative advantages of, and coin, 143, different kinds of, 144, necessity of, in commercial transactions, 145, as powerful an agent as steam, 146, a cheap but unsafe instrument of exchange, 147, absence of intrinsic value in cause of over-issue and speculation, 148, dangers of bankers issuing 150, [duties of government regarding, ib. issue of under a competitive or restrictive system, 153, example of Scotland not applicable to England,ib., profit arising from, belongs to the public, 151, distinction between depreciation and excessive issue of, 154, suggestions for secure and economical issue of, 155, a deficiency of, not a cause of mercantile depression, 159, can only be safely issued under control of the state, 160 Parliaments, duration of, 446 Paternal power the origin of political, 431

Pauper, expense of maintaining one stated, 342 Personal liberty guaranteed by the laws, 429

Pestilence, effects of on price of labour, 15

Pinmaking, example of division of labour in, 128

Pitt, Mr., his curious mistake on cause of popular distress, 91

Plague, ravages by, 61 Plate, effects of discovery of South American mines on price of, 140 Police, evils from want of, 13, 49 Politeness, rules of, intended to restrain the selfish and lowminded, 480

Political justice, Godwin's inquiry concerning, 413 Political philosophy, introduction to, 409, moral and political changes slowly effected, 410, reforms should be limited to present and urgent evils, 411, philosophers require to be as narrowly watched as the empirical teacher, ib., example of misapplication of general principles, 412, Rousseau and Godwin, 413, motives of human conduct, 416, Paley, his abilities as a teacher of moral and social science, 417, Burke and Paine, 419, science of government little understood by writers anterior to French revolution, 420, useful deductions to be deduced from, 421, misapplication of general principles, 422 Poor, origin of, 26, state of in feudal age, 30, first compulsory maintenance for, 32, formerly the difficulty to compel them to work, now to find work, 36, suggestions derived from history of, 52, how maintained prior to poor-laws, 58, singular expedient for relieving, 68, Dr. Leslie's proposal to charge them again on the church lands, 75, increase of ascribed to large farms, 79, use of wheat-bread by in 1760-80, less prudent and more wasteful than the rich, 326, chief obstacle to their own improvement, 383, state of abroad, 384, vices which affect them more than the rich, 478, wasteful in spending their mo

ney, 504, importance of economy to, 505 Poor-laws, mistake as to origin

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of, 32, act of 43d Elizabeth, 54, provisions of, derived from -Scotland, 56, slowly adopted in many parishes, 57, settlement act of Charles II., 70, the objects of defined, 352, natural right of poor to relief, [353, their claim to a fourth part of tithes, 354, the nobility might as well claim ancient right to personal services, as the poor a claim for relief on usages long since superseded, 355, poor-rate did not originate in the Reformation, 356, persons embraced by the act of Elizabeth, 357, distinction between pauperism in 1601 and at present, 358, queries of the House of Lords on giving relief to the ablebodied, 359, objections to a compulsory assessment, ib., has no tendency to increase pauperism, 360, paupers not increased in the same ratio as population, 363, causes of increase during the war, 364, amendments of Sturges Bourne, ib., do not encourage marriages, 366, nor population, but the contrary, 367, nor lessen forethought, 369, not inconsistent with right of private property, 371, nor weaken the natural -affections, ib., nor deaden priAvate benevolence, 372, nor demoralize the labouring classes, 373, nor inadequate to their purpose, 375, encourage idleness only from a vicious administration, 376, chief sources of mistaken notions on the working of the poor- laws, 377, general principles and policy of poor-laws stated, 378, poorlaws or mendicity the only al

ternatives, 379, inadequacy of charity to relief of indigence, 381, without compulsory relief the poor remain in hopeless and irreclaimable misery, ib., exertions of the affluent can alone benefit society, 382, community bound by the laws of infanticide, 383, poor in America and France, ib., comparison of our population with other countries, 384, persons who ought to be entitled to parish relief, 386, the prudential virtues must exist before relied on as preventive of indigence, 388, instituted for police as well as charity, 389, law of settlement, defects of, 390, unequal size of parishes, '392, unequal pressure of poor-rate on real and chattel property, 393, policy of landlords, as well as tenants, interfering in the management of poor, 395, practical hints relative to the poor and poor-laws, 397, parish allowance ought not to compete with wages, ib., it is a charitable dole, and ought to be received on same condiditions, 398, two objects, not to increase number of paupers, nor lessen employment, 399, having money in savings-banks ought not to disqualify for relief, 400, importance of high wages, ib., of cheap food, 401, cautions to magistrates, ib., general remarks on the rich and poor, 407, decisions of judges on, 565 Poor-law commission, remarks on, 583 Poor-rates, paid by the land. owner, 313, table of progress of, 561, proportion levied on land, houses, &c., 393, 562, returns of for last year, 563 Population at the Conquest, 7,

only began to increase in 1780, | Power-loom invented by Cart

61, errors of public men in 1796 respecting, 90, sound doctrines of French constituent assembly on, 94, publication of Malthus's Essay, 96, proportion of, employed in manufacfactures and agriculture, 258, rapid increase of, in Glasgow, Manchester, &c., 260, tendency of mankind to increase faster than food, proved from scripture and history, 317, limit of subsistence in different countries, 320, different rate of increase in savage and civilized life, 322, doubles itself in fifteen years, 323, alleged impiety of the Malthusian doctrine, ib., remedies of over-population, 324, moral and natural checks, 325, deteriorating effect of misery on the character, ib., advantages and disadvantages of marriage, 327, scriptural injunction, "Be fruitful and multiply," considered, 330, policy of further legislative restraints on marriage, 331, emigration natural remedy of over-popution, 339, symptoms of an excess of people defined, 343, rate of increase during last thirty 2-years, 345, diminished rate of mortality, 346, exaggerated apprehensions of an excess of people, 347, erroneous opinion, that the resources of a country are indefinite, 348, no scope for the further cultivation of wastes, 349, a supply of subsistence ought to precede an increase of population, 350, the poor more interested than the rich in principle of population, 350, all other schemes for their relief except this illusive, 351, statement of progress of, 548 Potatoes used as a delicacy, 67

wright, 84, effects of introduction of, 261, 570

Price, Dr., remark of, on mor-
tality of workhouse children,
81, mistaken doctrine of, on
population, 93

Prices, statements of, 66, in Lon-
don, 69, how affected by a small
excess of commodities, 213,
effect of low, on masters, 288,
at Greenwich hospital, 547, fall
of, in hardware, 574
Productive and unproductive la-
bourers, absurd distinction of,
178

Profit differs from wages, in being
the reward of past not present
industry, 184, equality of indif-
ferent employments, 185
Property, rights of, 482, evils of
equality of possessions, 483,
utility of a proprietary class,
484, prevents contests, and im-
proves conveniency of living,
485, without it all would be
poor, none rich, 487, objection
to, of Godwin and Rousseau,
487

Public opinion, government can only be carried on in accordance with, 472

Ramuzzini, his treatise on diseases
of workpeople, 243
Reform acts, reasons for the elec-
tive qualification they have es-
tablished, 443, change effected
in constitution by, 470
Reformation, influence of, on so-
ciety, 37, working classes, how
benefited by, 40
Relaxation, necessity of, to work-
men, 243

Removals, arbitrary power for

merly exercised respecting, 201 Rent, analogy between, and the interest of money, 302, origin

..of, 303, not a cause of the high
price of corn, 307, Mr. Ricar-
do's theory of, 308, rise of, re-
sults from progress of society,
310, objections to a tax on, 311,
amount of determined by value
of produce, 312, tithes, poor-
rates, and land-tax, form de-
ductions from, 313, abolition of
would not make corn cheaper,
315, neither would it raise wages,
316

Representation, political, objects
of, 443

Republic, advantages of, 434
Retailers, utility of, in society,
174, their apparent high profits
more properly wages, 189, ad-
vantages of their occupation,

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salaries no better than robbe-
ries, 221

Slaves, number of, formerly, 8,
how enfranchised, 9, diet of, 11,
difference between and free la-
bourers, 27

Slaney, Mr., his proposal of public
walks, 246

Society for diffusing Useful Know-
ledge, objects of, 108
Society, the order in, results from
the human constitution, 473
Sovereign, advantages of, over a
bank-note, 156

Speculation, causes of, 148, dis-
tinction between illusive and
legitimate, 207, effects of that
of 1824-5, 211
Spinning-frame, invention of, 83
Statute of labourers, 15
Sunday-schools, first establish-
ment of, 85

Tailors, their wages fixed by sta-

tute, 85, their dexterity in keep-
ing up high wages, 293
Taxes, proportion paid by a la-
bourer's family, 541
Tea, first notice of, 67
Thackray, his Treatise on Effects
of Arts and Trades on Health,
244

Thrymsa, a Saxon coin, 4
Tithe, appropriation of, to the
poor, 32, paid by the land-
owner, 313

Tommy shops, abolition of, 113
Tories, consequence of their mis-
government, 472
Trades, origin of, 122
Trades' unions, universality of,

269, origin and progress of,
270, national association for
protection of labour, 277, prin-
ciples of the unions, 278, re-
marks on their application, 279,
cannot fix an invariable rate of
wages, 283, examples of com-
binations hurtful to workmen,

282, effeet of, on the commu-
nity, 284, on foreign trade, by
enhancing prices, 287, tend to
foment animosities in society,
291, additional objects they
ought to embrace, 294
Towns, progress of, 13, peculiari-
ties in inhabitants of, 28

Universal suffrage, 440

Vagabondage, origin of, 31, in-
creased by Reformation, 43
Villanage, decline of, 14, 22

Wages in the year 1496, 23, re-
marks on ancient interference
with, 52, begin to be paid out
of the poor-rates, 87, the re-
ward of present and profit of
past industry, 184, equality of,
in different employments, 185,
affected by agreeableness or dis-
agreeableness of trades, 186,
vary with the severity of labour
or skill required, 187, with
steadiness of employment, 189,
with the trust reposed in work-
men, 190, with the chance of
success, 191, in the army and
navy, 195, difference of in new
and old trades, 199, effects of
poor-laws on, 201, of corporate
privileges, 203, of combina-
tions among workmen, 202, of
a reduction of, 206, of dear and
cheap years on, 207, of mer-
cantile speculations and over-
trading, 208, great effect of a
small excess of labour on the
rate of, 214, regulated by the
number of unemployed, not em-
ployed workmen, 215, depend
solely on keeping the labour

ployed essential to a high rate
of, 229, advantages of a pro-
gressive state of society, 230,
importance of security of pro-
perty and internal peace, 234,
general conclusions on, 236,
rate of can only be settled by
free competition, 237, no depth
of misery which an overstocked
labour-market may not pro-
duce, example of factory chil-
dren and farm servants cited,
238, difference between wages
of skilled and unskilled, 239,
high wages not a general cause
of dissipation in workmen, 242,
do not raise prices, 285, do not
endanger foreign trade, 288,
proportion they form of prices,
300, payment of, out of poor-
rates, 374, interest of all classes
in maintaining high, 400, pro-
gress of, from 1495 to the pre-
sent, 569, rates of, paid at Green-
wich hospital, 547, rate of, in
manufacturing districts, 570
Watch - making, 102, distinct
branches of trade in, 131
Watt, James, influence of his
steam-engine discoveries, 82
Wat Tyler, effects of his insur-
rection, 18

Were, notice of, 4
Wheat, sudden changes in prices
of, 12, progress of, as an article
of general diet, 79, progress of
price of, 569
Whigs have repaired the error
committed at the Orange revo-
lution, 458

Whitbread, Mr., proposes to grant
premiums on large families, 19,
his plan of popular education,

99

market understocked, 216, in- | Wigs, effect of discontinuance of
fluence of government on, 217, wearing of, 256

I of increase of capital and indi-Woollen manufacture, wages in,
vidual incomes, 227, capital and 571, migration of, 256

objects on which it can be em- Working classes, repeal of laws

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