Owen, Mr., his new society, 104, his co-operative system, 486 Occupations, analysis of, in Great Britain, 549 Paine Thomas, his ingenuity and errors, 419, his definition of society, 428 Paley, Dr., his practical sense and ability, 417, remarks on political discussion, 466 Paper currency, origin of, 143, relative advantages of, and coin, 143, different kinds of, 144, necessity of, in commercial transactions, 145, as powerful an agent as steam, 146, a cheap but unsafe instrument of exchange, 147, absence of intrinsic value in cause of over-issue and speculation, 148, dangers of bankers issuing 150, [duties of government regarding, ib. issue of under a competitive or restrictive system, 153, example of Scotland not applicable to England,ib., profit arising from, belongs to the public, 151, distinction between depreciation and excessive issue of, 154, suggestions for secure and economical issue of, 155, a deficiency of, not a cause of mercantile depression, 159, can only be safely issued under control of the state, 160 Parliaments, duration of, 446 Paternal power the origin of political, 431 Pauper, expense of maintaining one stated, 342 Personal liberty guaranteed by the laws, 429 Pestilence, effects of on price of labour, 15 Pinmaking, example of division of labour in, 128 Pitt, Mr., his curious mistake on cause of popular distress, 91 Plague, ravages by, 61 Plate, effects of discovery of South American mines on price of, 140 Police, evils from want of, 13, 49 Politeness, rules of, intended to restrain the selfish and lowminded, 480 Political justice, Godwin's inquiry concerning, 413 Political philosophy, introduction to, 409, moral and political changes slowly effected, 410, reforms should be limited to present and urgent evils, 411, philosophers require to be as narrowly watched as the empirical teacher, ib., example of misapplication of general principles, 412, Rousseau and Godwin, 413, motives of human conduct, 416, Paley, his abilities as a teacher of moral and social science, 417, Burke and Paine, 419, science of government little understood by writers anterior to French revolution, 420, useful deductions to be deduced from, 421, misapplication of general principles, 422 Poor, origin of, 26, state of in feudal age, 30, first compulsory maintenance for, 32, formerly the difficulty to compel them to work, now to find work, 36, suggestions derived from history of, 52, how maintained prior to poor-laws, 58, singular expedient for relieving, 68, Dr. Leslie's proposal to charge them again on the church lands, 75, increase of ascribed to large farms, 79, use of wheat-bread by in 1760-80, less prudent and more wasteful than the rich, 326, chief obstacle to their own improvement, 383, state of abroad, 384, vices which affect them more than the rich, 478, wasteful in spending their mo ney, 504, importance of economy to, 505 Poor-laws, mistake as to origin * of, 32, act of 43d Elizabeth, 54, provisions of, derived from -Scotland, 56, slowly adopted in many parishes, 57, settlement act of Charles II., 70, the objects of defined, 352, natural right of poor to relief, [353, their claim to a fourth part of tithes, 354, the nobility might as well claim ancient right to personal services, as the poor a claim for relief on usages long since superseded, 355, poor-rate did not originate in the Reformation, 356, persons embraced by the act of Elizabeth, 357, distinction between pauperism in 1601 and at present, 358, queries of the House of Lords on giving relief to the ablebodied, 359, objections to a compulsory assessment, ib., has no tendency to increase pauperism, 360, paupers not increased in the same ratio as population, 363, causes of increase during the war, 364, amendments of Sturges Bourne, ib., do not encourage marriages, 366, nor population, but the contrary, 367, nor lessen forethought, 369, not inconsistent with right of private property, 371, nor weaken the natural -affections, ib., nor deaden priAvate benevolence, 372, nor demoralize the labouring classes, 373, nor inadequate to their purpose, 375, encourage idleness only from a vicious administration, 376, chief sources of mistaken notions on the working of the poor- laws, 377, general principles and policy of poor-laws stated, 378, poorlaws or mendicity the only al ternatives, 379, inadequacy of charity to relief of indigence, 381, without compulsory relief the poor remain in hopeless and irreclaimable misery, ib., exertions of the affluent can alone benefit society, 382, community bound by the laws of infanticide, 383, poor in America and France, ib., comparison of our population with other countries, 384, persons who ought to be entitled to parish relief, 386, the prudential virtues must exist before relied on as preventive of indigence, 388, instituted for police as well as charity, 389, law of settlement, defects of, 390, unequal size of parishes, '392, unequal pressure of poor-rate on real and chattel property, 393, policy of landlords, as well as tenants, interfering in the management of poor, 395, practical hints relative to the poor and poor-laws, 397, parish allowance ought not to compete with wages, ib., it is a charitable dole, and ought to be received on same condiditions, 398, two objects, not to increase number of paupers, nor lessen employment, 399, having money in savings-banks ought not to disqualify for relief, 400, importance of high wages, ib., of cheap food, 401, cautions to magistrates, ib., general remarks on the rich and poor, 407, decisions of judges on, 565 Poor-law commission, remarks on, 583 Poor-rates, paid by the land. owner, 313, table of progress of, 561, proportion levied on land, houses, &c., 393, 562, returns of for last year, 563 Population at the Conquest, 7, only began to increase in 1780, | Power-loom invented by Cart 61, errors of public men in 1796 respecting, 90, sound doctrines of French constituent assembly on, 94, publication of Malthus's Essay, 96, proportion of, employed in manufacfactures and agriculture, 258, rapid increase of, in Glasgow, Manchester, &c., 260, tendency of mankind to increase faster than food, proved from scripture and history, 317, limit of subsistence in different countries, 320, different rate of increase in savage and civilized life, 322, doubles itself in fifteen years, 323, alleged impiety of the Malthusian doctrine, ib., remedies of over-population, 324, moral and natural checks, 325, deteriorating effect of misery on the character, ib., advantages and disadvantages of marriage, 327, scriptural injunction, "Be fruitful and multiply," considered, 330, policy of further legislative restraints on marriage, 331, emigration natural remedy of over-popution, 339, symptoms of an excess of people defined, 343, rate of increase during last thirty 2-years, 345, diminished rate of mortality, 346, exaggerated apprehensions of an excess of people, 347, erroneous opinion, that the resources of a country are indefinite, 348, no scope for the further cultivation of wastes, 349, a supply of subsistence ought to precede an increase of population, 350, the poor more interested than the rich in principle of population, 350, all other schemes for their relief except this illusive, 351, statement of progress of, 548 Potatoes used as a delicacy, 67 wright, 84, effects of introduction of, 261, 570 Price, Dr., remark of, on mor- Prices, statements of, 66, in Lon- Profit differs from wages, in being Public opinion, government can only be carried on in accordance with, 472 Ramuzzini, his treatise on diseases Removals, arbitrary power for merly exercised respecting, 201 Rent, analogy between, and the interest of money, 302, origin ..of, 303, not a cause of the high Representation, political, objects Republic, advantages of, 434 salaries no better than robbe- Slaves, number of, formerly, 8, Slaney, Mr., his proposal of public Society for diffusing Useful Know- Speculation, causes of, 148, dis- Tailors, their wages fixed by sta- tute, 85, their dexterity in keep- Thrymsa, a Saxon coin, 4 Tommy shops, abolition of, 113 269, origin and progress of, 282, effeet of, on the commu- Universal suffrage, 440 Vagabondage, origin of, 31, in- Wages in the year 1496, 23, re- ployed essential to a high rate Were, notice of, 4 Whitbread, Mr., proposes to grant 99 market understocked, 216, in- | Wigs, effect of discontinuance of I of increase of capital and indi-Woollen manufacture, wages in, objects on which it can be em- Working classes, repeal of laws |