Abbeys, value of, at dissolu- | Bacon or Crichton, examples
Acland, his project for making the poor provide for them- selves, 88 Agriculture, effects of speculation on, 210, progess of, 258550,567 Almsgiving, mistake as to, by religious houses, 40, De Foe's work on, 72, Allowance, regulated by price of bread, remarks on, 89 America, U. S., adaptation of her government to the people, 436, right of suffrage in, 442 Anglo-Saxons, institutions of, 2, subdivisions of society, 6, num- ber of slaves, 8 Apostacy, act relating to, unre- ⚫ pealed, 465 Apprenticeships, term reduced to twenty-one years, to encourage marriage, 82, repeal of act of Elizabeth, 100, injurious effects of, protracted, 201 Arkwright, Sir R., his improve- fments in the cotton manufac- ture, 83
Aristocracy, advantages and dis- advantages of, 433 Army, inadequate pay of, 195, filled from the same causes that fill the gaols, 197 Artificers in 1496, wages of, 24, progress of wages of, 571 Assize of bread, abolition of, 101 Authors, why men become such,
192, causes of their unequal success, 193, fame as well as profit constitutes their reward, 194
of, likely to be less frequent,
Baptisms, proportion of, 553 Barter peculiar to man, 119, in-
convenience of a state of, 133: Bank of England, stock of coin kept on hand by, 155 Bankers, their functions defined,
150, utility of, 169 Bank notes, time of wear of, 157 Beggars, laws against, 31, li-
censed, 33, Dr. Burn's sugges- tion for restraining, 82 Begging, frauds of, in London, 403 Bell, Dr., introduces his system of education, 95
Bellers, John, proposes a college of industry, 74 Bentham, Mr., character of his philosophy, 415, remarks of, on rights of property, 488 Bills of exchange, proportion of, to bank notes, 157 Birkbeck, Dr., establishes Me- chanic's Institution, 107 Booksellers seek profit only, not authors, 195
Boston, U. S., persons who get
their living by begging or fraud in, 384
Bourne, Mr., report of, on poor- laws, 101, beneficial results of his suggestions for lessening pauperism, 364
Bread, made a monopoly by aris- tocratic cupidity, 49 Brougham, Lord, his exposure of abuses of public charities, 103, his plan of popular education, 105, returns obtained by, on 2 a
education, 111, defective re- turns by, on education, 524 Brushmakers, combination of, 291 Building acts of Charles I., 59 Burke, Mr., character of his writings, 418
Burials, proportion of, 553 Burn, Dr., suggestion of, for su- perintending overseers, 82
Capital, defined, 160, facilitates division of labour, 162, tends to lower prices to all classes of consumers, 163, causes work to be done better as well as cheaper, ib., its necessity to works of improvement, 164, recent and strange notions re- specting, 165, utility of the middle classes, bankers, re- tailers, merchants, &c., 169, division of profits of, with the : workmen, 177, absurd distinc- tion between profits of, and in- dustry, 182, recapitulation of chief points respecting, 183, relative increase of, in England and Ireland, 385 Carpet manufacturers' wages, 572 Catholicism, radical vice of, 42 Charitable corporation, fraudu- lent practices of, 77 Charity schools, establishment of, 71
Charles II., his edict on the poor
of the Netherlands, 35 Charles II., his question to the Royal Society, 326 Chemists, mistake as to their high profits, 188
Child, Sir Josiah, proposes poor- banks, 71
Children, rules for nursing of, 509 Christianity helps abolition of slavery, 9
Cities and broughs, decline of, 47 Civilization, only a term for laws and manners, 474, personal se- curity derived from, ib., liberty
of locomotion, 475, and free- dom of industry, ib., conse- quence of progression in, 476; Coin, invention of, 138, on alter- ing the standard of, 141, loss of, from abrasion, 143, relative advantages of, and paper, 146 Colonization, plan of parliamen- tary committee on, 109, pro- gress of, anciently, 117 Colliers injure themselves by com bination, 282, in personal servi- tude till lately, 383 Combination laws, repeal of, 107 Combination of workmen, see Trades' Unions. Commercial cycle of prosperity and adversity, term of, 211 Competition beneficial to society, 486
Crime, state of, 49, 60, causes of the increase of, 525, progress of, 566
Crompton invents the mule.jenny, 84 Constitution defined, 447 Corn laws, effect of, 299 Corn, price of, determined by
the legislature, not the fertility of the soil, 310 Corporations, hurtful immunities of, 203, in London, 204, bene- fits to accrue from reform of, 477 Cottages, act against erecting, 58 Cotton manufacture, wages in, 570 Country gentlemen, rise of, 46 Credit, cause of mercantile crisis
of 1824-5, 158, its evils among the poor, 504
De Foe, his giving alms no cha❤ rity, 72
Denman, Sir T., his declaration
on freedom of opinion, 465 Diet, evils of a low standard of, 247, great importance of, to morals, 508, in manufacturing towns, 577
Dress, style of, in 1496, 23 Dutch pauper colonies, 225
Education, state of, in the six- teenth century, 50, Mr. Whit- bread's bill for, 99, Lord Brougham's plans of, 103, 105, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 108, returns obtained of state of, 111 Education, popular, defined, 494, disadvantages of a person com- mencing his career without in- struction, 495, different kinds of knowledge adapted to dif- ferent classes, 497, obligation of maintenance imposed on parents, 498, choice of a calling among the working and middle classes, 499, course of popular instruction,502, domestic know- ledge, 503, art of preserving health, 507, laws and moral philosophy, 510, institution of property and government, 511, national importance of political economy, 512, superstitious fears and apprehensions, 514, instruments of popular educa- tion, 516, obligations imposed on the state, 517, on the judges and magistracy, 519, on the clergy, ib., on employers of work people, 521, objections to national education commonly arise from bad government, 522, defective returns obtained by Lord Brougham on education, 524, moral influence of popular education, 525, increase of crime, 528, 566, causes assigned by parliamentary committees of, 529, people improved, though the criminal calendar has aug- mented, 531, description of the popular education recently dif- fused, 532, limits to popular knowledge, 535, not intended solely as an instrument of am-
and aggrandisement,
Elizabeth, poor law act of, 54, state of country same now as in her reign, 62
Emigration, grant of public mo- ney for, 106, report of parlia- mentary committee on, 109, objections to, answered, 339,- national remedy of over-popu- lation, 341
Employment fund societies, na- ture of, explained, 295 English constitution, distinction between, and laws and govern- ment,447, not formally planned, but result of successive improve- ments, 449, sources of error respecting, 450, changes in con- stitution of juries and house of commons, 453, interesting in- quiry to trace evolution of its several branches, 454, change, effected by Magna Charta, 455, by the Revolution of 1688, 457, by the Reform acts of Wil. IV., 459, summary of constitutional principles and guarantees, 460, freedom of opinion, 464, li- berty of the press, 465, execu- tive powers of, 467, alterations effected by the reform acts, 468, new position of the aristocracy in consequence, 470, predica- ment in which it has been placed by the Tories, 472, con- sequences of recent political improvements, 477
Factory children, act for regu- lating of, 98, principle of legis- lation on, 99, atrocities towards, 114, example of depth of mi- sery to which working classes may be reduced, 238, popular error as to effect of rate of profit on condition of, 287 Factories, on assessment of, to poor-rate, 393
Fame, love of, its influence on conduct, 416
Farm servants, example of prin- Iciple by which wages are regu- lated, 238
Fluctuation in employments, 252, in rural industry, 253, in ma- nufactures, ib., the commercial cycle, 255, effect of foreign du- ties on, ib., changes of fashion, 256, change of place, ib., im- provements in machinery,257, suggestions for alleviating evils of, 264, expedients of masters, 267, unions of brushmakers and carpet weavers, 266 France, distressed state of her ar- tisans in 1830 could not be helped by her new government, 219, elective suffrage in, 442, division of property, 443, cot- ton trade, 575 Franklin, Dr., aptitude of his | writings to the state of America, 418
Frederick the Great, his remarks
on fame, 416 Freedom of opinion, 464 French revolution, light it has | thrown on the science of go- vernment, 420, deductions to be derived from it, 421, effect of, on certain writers, 493 Friendly societies, origin and first regulation of, 88, number in each county, 564
Germany, struggles of, for consti-
tutional governments, 437 Godwin, Mr.,not an inductive phi- losopher, 414, considers mar- riage a monopoly, 493 Government, Civil, defined, 427, benefits resulting from its in- stitution, 423, augments indi- vidual liberty, and secures its enjoyment, 430, origin of, 431 different forms of, 433, prin- ciple by which it may be im-
proved, 435, comparative ad vantages of governments of Russia and the United States, 435, popular liberty must ex- tend with popular intelligence, 437, ought to imbody all in- terests, 438, limit to exercise political power, ib. elective suf- frage limit to, 440, right, to political power to be deter- mined by utility not theory, 441, reasons for the elective qualifi- cation under the Reform acts, 443, the ballot, 445, duration of the representative body, 446, principles of the English Con- stitution, 447, administration of justice, test of excellence of, 449
Gold and silver, advantages of, as money, 137
Greenwich, classification of pau- pers in, 405
Greenwich Hospital, prices and wages at, 547
Grocers in country places, profits of, 189
Guilds, origin of, 13, objects of, 270
Gymnastic exercises, utility of,509
Habeas Corpus Act, protection, afforded by, 461
| Hackney-coachmen,
earnings of, 190 Hardware, wages in, 572, fall in prices of, 574 Hargraves, Jones, invents the spinning jenny, 83
Hay, Mr., recommends the Dutch management of paupers, 78 Henry VIII., breach of promise by, 29
Holidays ought to be maintained by workmen like ancient foot- paths, 241 Home colonisation, illusive expe | dient of, 222
House of Peers, act for abolishing, 471 House of Commons, changes of constitution of, 453 Husbandry, rate of wages in, from 1495 to the present, 570
Impressment and voluntary enlist- ment, effects of, in England and America, 197 Infant schools, first establishment of, 100
Ireland, an example of a country in which population has increas- ed faster than capital, 232, benefits that would have re- sulted from introduction of poor-laws in, 385, progress of population of, 552
Job-work not profitable, 190 Johnson, Dr., his remark on lux- ury, 180
Jonson, Ben, anecdote of, 247 Juries, mistake as to ancient functions of, 451, protection afforded by, 462
Kames, Lord, his remark on poor
in England and France, 79
Labour defined, 115, progress of different kinds, 116, the only source of wealth, 118, Locke first developed the power of, 120, division of, 122, it saves time, 123, gives greater dex- terity and skill, 125, suggests the contrivance of tools, ib., lessens cost of production, 127, advantages of, limited to me- chanical employments, 124, division of labour in mental pursuits, 129, indicates national refinement, 130, limited by ex- tent of the market, 131, exam- ple of, in watch and nail making, ib., division of, by increase of
individual incomes, 227, skilled and unskilled, 239, fluctuations in demand for, 252, national association for protection of, 277, advantages of high price of, 400 Labourers,
statute regulating wages of, 15, opinions of, under Wat Tyler, 18, dress, diet, and wages of, in 1496, 23, state of, in Elizabeth's reign, 51, ditto in James I., 60, progress of wages of, 569, proper food for, 545 Land, how appropriated, 304, see Rent
Landowners, both gained and lost by the progress of society, 310 Laws, object of, 429, less impor- tant than manners to social hap- piness, 474
Legislation, examples of absur-
dity of, in the 14th century, 16 Leslie, Dr., proposes to charge the
poor on the church lands, 75 Liberty of the press, 465 Literature, unequal rewards of,
Locke, his report on the poor, 717
first developes power of labour, 190 Longevity, increase of, 347, 553 ! Low prices, effect of, on masters and workmen, 288 Luxury stimulates and rewards industry, 178
McCulloch, Mr., his just ob- servations on reduction of wages, 249 Machinery not lessened, aggregate employment of society, 257, may injure a specific class of workmen, 260, advantages of application of, stated, 262 Magistrates restrained in ordering relief, 75, duties of, in popu- lar education, 519 Malthus, Mr., his Essay on Popu-
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