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INDEX.

Abbeys, value of, at dissolu- | Bacon or Crichton, examples

tion, 38

Acland, his project for making
the poor provide for them-
selves, 88
Agriculture, effects of speculation
on, 210, progess of, 258550,567
Almsgiving, mistake as to, by
religious houses, 40, De Foe's
work on, 72,
Allowance, regulated by price of
bread, remarks on, 89
America, U. S., adaptation of her
government to the people, 436,
right of suffrage in, 442
Anglo-Saxons, institutions of, 2,
subdivisions of society, 6, num-
ber of slaves, 8
Apostacy, act relating to, unre-
⚫ pealed, 465
Apprenticeships, term reduced to
twenty-one years, to encourage
marriage, 82, repeal of act of
Elizabeth, 100, injurious effects
of, protracted, 201
Arkwright, Sir R., his improve-
fments in the cotton manufac-
ture, 83

Aristocracy, advantages and dis-
advantages of, 433
Army, inadequate pay of, 195,
filled from the same causes that
fill the gaols, 197
Artificers in 1496, wages of, 24,
progress of wages of, 571
Assize of bread, abolition of, 101
Authors, why men become such,

192, causes of their unequal
success, 193, fame as well as
profit constitutes their reward,
194

of, likely to be less frequent,

129

Baptisms, proportion of, 553
Barter peculiar to man, 119, in-

convenience of a state of, 133:
Bank of England, stock of coin
kept on hand by, 155
Bankers, their functions defined,

150, utility of, 169
Bank notes, time of wear of, 157
Beggars, laws against, 31, li-

censed, 33, Dr. Burn's sugges-
tion for restraining, 82
Begging, frauds of, in London, 403
Bell, Dr., introduces his system
of education, 95

Bellers, John, proposes a college
of industry, 74
Bentham, Mr., character of his
philosophy, 415, remarks of, on
rights of property, 488
Bills of exchange, proportion of,
to bank notes, 157
Birkbeck, Dr., establishes Me-
chanic's Institution, 107
Booksellers seek profit only, not
authors, 195

Boston, U. S., persons who get

their living by begging or fraud
in, 384

Bourne, Mr., report of, on poor-
laws, 101, beneficial results of
his suggestions for lessening
pauperism, 364

Bread, made a monopoly by aris-
tocratic cupidity, 49
Brougham, Lord, his exposure of
abuses of public charities, 103,
his plan of popular education,
105, returns obtained by, on
2 a

education, 111, defective re-
turns by, on education, 524
Brushmakers, combination of, 291
Building acts of Charles I., 59
Burke, Mr., character of his
writings, 418

Burials, proportion of, 553
Burn, Dr., suggestion of, for su-
perintending overseers, 82

Capital, defined, 160, facilitates
division of labour, 162, tends
to lower prices to all classes of
consumers, 163, causes work to
be done better as well as
cheaper, ib., its necessity to
works of improvement, 164,
recent and strange notions re-
specting, 165, utility of the
middle classes, bankers, re-
tailers, merchants, &c., 169,
division of profits of, with the
: workmen, 177, absurd distinc-
tion between profits of, and in-
dustry, 182, recapitulation of
chief points respecting, 183,
relative increase of, in England
and Ireland, 385
Carpet manufacturers' wages, 572
Catholicism, radical vice of, 42
Charitable corporation, fraudu-
lent practices of, 77
Charity schools, establishment
of, 71

Charles II., his edict on the poor

of the Netherlands, 35
Charles II., his question to the
Royal Society, 326
Chemists, mistake as to their high
profits, 188

Child, Sir Josiah, proposes poor-
banks, 71

Children, rules for nursing of, 509
Christianity helps abolition of
slavery, 9

Cities and broughs, decline of, 47
Civilization, only a term for laws
and manners, 474, personal se-
curity derived from, ib., liberty

of locomotion, 475, and free-
dom of industry, ib., conse-
quence of progression in, 476;
Coin, invention of, 138, on alter-
ing the standard of, 141, loss
of, from abrasion, 143, relative
advantages of, and paper, 146
Colonization, plan of parliamen-
tary committee on, 109, pro-
gress of, anciently, 117
Colliers injure themselves by com
bination, 282, in personal servi-
tude till lately, 383
Combination laws, repeal of, 107
Combination of workmen, see
Trades' Unions.
Commercial cycle of prosperity
and adversity, term of, 211
Competition beneficial to society,
486

Crime, state of, 49, 60, causes of
the increase of, 525, progress
of, 566

Crompton invents the mule.jenny,
84
Constitution defined, 447
Corn laws, effect of, 299
Corn, price of, determined by

the legislature, not the fertility
of the soil, 310
Corporations, hurtful immunities
of, 203, in London, 204, bene-
fits to accrue from reform of,
477
Cottages, act against erecting, 58
Cotton manufacture, wages in, 570
Country gentlemen, rise of, 46
Credit, cause of mercantile crisis

of 1824-5, 158, its evils among
the poor, 504

De Foe, his giving alms no cha❤
rity, 72

Denman, Sir T., his declaration

on freedom of opinion, 465
Diet, evils of a low standard of,
247, great importance of, to
morals, 508, in manufacturing
towns, 577

Dress, style of, in 1496, 23
Dutch pauper colonies, 225

Education, state of, in the six-
teenth century, 50, Mr. Whit-
bread's bill for, 99, Lord
Brougham's plans of, 103, 105,
Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge, 108, returns
obtained of state of, 111
Education, popular, defined, 494,
disadvantages of a person com-
mencing his career without in-
struction, 495, different kinds
of knowledge adapted to dif-
ferent classes, 497, obligation
of maintenance imposed on
parents, 498, choice of a calling
among the working and middle
classes, 499, course of popular
instruction,502, domestic know-
ledge, 503, art of preserving
health, 507, laws and moral
philosophy, 510, institution of
property and government, 511,
national importance of political
economy, 512, superstitious
fears and apprehensions, 514,
instruments of popular educa-
tion, 516, obligations imposed
on the state, 517, on the judges
and magistracy, 519, on the
clergy, ib., on employers of
work people, 521, objections to
national education commonly
arise from bad government, 522,
defective returns obtained by
Lord Brougham on education,
524, moral influence of popular
education, 525, increase of
crime, 528, 566, causes assigned
by parliamentary committees of,
529, people improved, though
the criminal calendar has aug-
mented, 531, description of the
popular education recently dif-
fused, 532, limits to popular
knowledge, 535, not intended
solely as an instrument of am-

bition

535

and aggrandisement,

Elizabeth, poor law act of, 54, state
of country same now as in her
reign, 62

Emigration, grant of public mo-
ney for, 106, report of parlia-
mentary committee on, 109,
objections to, answered, 339,-
national remedy of over-popu-
lation, 341

Employment fund societies, na-
ture of, explained, 295
English constitution, distinction
between, and laws and govern-
ment,447, not formally planned,
but result of successive improve-
ments, 449, sources of error
respecting, 450, changes in con-
stitution of juries and house of
commons, 453, interesting in-
quiry to trace evolution of its
several branches, 454, change,
effected by Magna Charta, 455,
by the Revolution of 1688, 457,
by the Reform acts of Wil. IV.,
459, summary of constitutional
principles and guarantees, 460,
freedom of opinion, 464, li-
berty of the press, 465, execu-
tive powers of, 467, alterations
effected by the reform acts, 468,
new position of the aristocracy
in consequence, 470, predica-
ment in which it has been
placed by the Tories, 472, con-
sequences of recent political
improvements, 477

Factory children, act for regu-
lating of, 98, principle of legis-
lation on, 99, atrocities towards,
114, example of depth of mi-
sery to which working classes
may be reduced, 238, popular
error as to effect of rate of
profit on condition of, 287
Factories, on assessment of, to
poor-rate, 393

2 Q2

Fame, love of, its influence on
conduct, 416

Farm servants, example of prin-
Iciple by which wages are regu-
lated, 238

Fluctuation in employments, 252,
in rural industry, 253, in ma-
nufactures, ib., the commercial
cycle, 255, effect of foreign du-
ties on, ib., changes of fashion,
256, change of place, ib., im-
provements in machinery,257,
suggestions for alleviating evils
of, 264, expedients of masters,
267, unions of brushmakers
and carpet weavers, 266
France, distressed state of her ar-
tisans in 1830 could not be
helped by her new government,
219, elective suffrage in, 442,
division of property, 443, cot-
ton trade, 575
Franklin, Dr., aptitude of his |
writings to the state of America,
418

Frederick the Great, his remarks

on fame, 416
Freedom of opinion, 464
French revolution, light it has |
thrown on the science of go-
vernment, 420, deductions to
be derived from it, 421, effect
of, on certain writers, 493
Friendly societies, origin and first
regulation of, 88, number in each
county, 564

Germany, struggles of, for consti-

tutional governments, 437
Godwin, Mr.,not an inductive phi-
losopher, 414, considers mar-
riage a monopoly, 493
Government, Civil, defined, 427,
benefits resulting from its in-
stitution, 423, augments indi-
vidual liberty, and secures its
enjoyment, 430, origin of, 431
different forms of, 433, prin-
ciple by which it may be im-

proved, 435, comparative ad
vantages of governments of
Russia and the United States,
435, popular liberty must ex-
tend with popular intelligence,
437, ought to imbody all in-
terests, 438, limit to exercise
political power, ib. elective suf-
frage limit to, 440, right, to
political power to be deter-
mined by utility not theory, 441,
reasons for the elective qualifi-
cation under the Reform acts,
443, the ballot, 445, duration
of the representative body, 446,
principles of the English Con-
stitution, 447, administration
of justice, test of excellence
of, 449

Gold and silver, advantages of, as
money, 137

Greenwich, classification of pau-
pers in, 405

Greenwich Hospital, prices and
wages at, 547

Grocers in country places, profits
of, 189

Guilds, origin of, 13, objects of,
270

Gymnastic exercises, utility of,509

Habeas Corpus Act, protection,
afforded by, 461

| Hackney-coachmen,

supposed

earnings of, 190
Hardware, wages in, 572, fall in
prices of, 574
Hargraves, Jones, invents the
spinning jenny, 83

19.

Hay, Mr., recommends the Dutch
management of paupers, 78
Henry VIII., breach of promise
by, 29

Holidays ought to be maintained
by workmen like ancient foot-
paths, 241
Home colonisation, illusive expe
| dient of, 222

House of Peers, act for abolishing,
471
House of Commons, changes of
constitution of, 453
Husbandry, rate of wages in,
from 1495 to the present, 570

Impressment and voluntary enlist-
ment, effects of, in England and
America, 197
Infant schools, first establishment
of, 100

1

Ireland, an example of a country
in which population has increas-
ed faster than capital, 232,
benefits that would have re-
sulted from introduction of
poor-laws in, 385, progress of
population of, 552

Job-work not profitable, 190
Johnson, Dr., his remark on lux-
ury, 180

Jonson, Ben, anecdote of, 247
Juries, mistake as to ancient
functions of, 451, protection
afforded by, 462

Kames, Lord, his remark on poor

in England and France, 79

Labour defined, 115, progress of
different kinds, 116, the only
source of wealth, 118, Locke
first developed the power of,
120, division of, 122, it saves
time, 123, gives greater dex-
terity and skill, 125, suggests
the contrivance of tools, ib.,
lessens cost of production, 127,
advantages of, limited to me-
chanical employments, 124,
division of labour in mental
pursuits, 129, indicates national
refinement, 130, limited by ex-
tent of the market, 131, exam-
ple of, in watch and nail making,
ib., division of, by increase of

t

individual incomes, 227, skilled
and unskilled, 239, fluctuations
in demand for, 252, national
association for protection of,
277, advantages of high price
of, 400
Labourers,

statute regulating
wages of, 15, opinions of, under
Wat Tyler, 18, dress, diet, and
wages of, in 1496, 23, state of,
in Elizabeth's reign, 51, ditto in
James I., 60, progress of wages
of, 569, proper food for, 545
Land, how appropriated, 304, see
Rent

Landowners, both gained and lost
by the progress of society, 310
Laws, object of, 429, less impor-
tant than manners to social hap-
piness, 474

Legislation, examples of absur-

dity of, in the 14th century, 16
Leslie, Dr., proposes to charge the

poor on the church lands, 75
Liberty of the press, 465
Literature, unequal rewards of,

192

Locke, his report on the poor, 717

first developes power of labour,
190
Longevity, increase of, 347, 553 !
Low prices, effect of, on masters
and workmen, 288
Luxury stimulates and rewards
industry, 178

McCulloch, Mr., his just ob-
servations on reduction of
wages, 249
Machinery not lessened, aggregate
employment of society, 257,
may injure a specific class of
workmen, 260, advantages of
application of, stated, 262
Magistrates restrained in ordering
relief, 75, duties of, in popu-
lar education, 519
Malthus, Mr., his Essay on Popu-

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