THE LIQUOR ISSUE AS IT IS AT might lay down. In a word, the verdict of the | for in the South and far West as an outcome of the youngest of the five brothers of his father] people is favorable to our trade. new work. In face of the competition of their born in 1774. Henry Heine married Henriett new and popular rival for the independent Embden. By industry and discretion he mad vote, the strength polled speaks well for the for himself a very comfortable fortune in mer courage and excellence of the party leadership, cantile pursuits, and he outlived all his broth and the organization will doubtless continue in ers. He died in 1855 in Hamburg. Heinrich the field doing good educational work until Heine enjoyed friendly relations with thi some lull in the warfare over economic ques- uncle throughout his whole Henry tions leaves the people free to think of still in its favor makes some national party brave more important issues, or some popular wave enough to ally itself with it or take up its cause.-Montreal Witness, Nov. 26. longer a temperance crusade," but a fight for the preservation of popular government. Lincoln contended that the Civil War was a not a war against slavery but war for the "preservation of the Union." The Union might have been divided and popular government have been still maintained. This contest against the saloon power, in that it is a contest for the preservation of popular government, is of greater importance to America and to the world than the war to It is not a preserve the Union could be. question concerning a man's right to drink a glass of wine or beer; it is a ques tion that concerns the right of a trade, organized for political purposes, to override the laws of the State, defy the Constitution, and dethrone the sovereignty of the people. The utterances by the trade journals of the liquor traffic are not mere ideal boasts. Every man knows, or ought to know, that they are of a piece with the overt anarchy that the traffic already displays in regard to all statutory regulations. This declaration of defiance of the State Constitution is also given additional force by the attitude of the traffic in States where the supposed Constitutional Amendment actually exists. It is about time for the people of America to put a stop to anarchy, and the best place to begin the work is with the open anarchism of the organized liquor trade. The question each American patriot ought to ask himself is whether he is going to submit to it or fight it. Letter from Boston, Bonfort's Wine and Spirit Circular, Nov. 25.-Since the election there has been considerable talk about the liquor-dealers using their influence against Governor Russell under the lead of Mr. Osborne, one of the Police and License Commissioners. Owing to this, it is alleged, Governor Russell lost 2,000 or 3,000 votes in Boston, and his election was put in jeopardy. Some ardent Democrats go so far as to advocate a vote for "no license" at the municipal election next month as a retaliation. But after investigating the matter pretty thoroughly the writer can state confidently that the charge is totally untrue so far as the great body of licensed dealers are concerned. There may have been MISCELLANEOUS. COMETS AND METEORITES. life. Heine loved his nephew, and took a gen To Monsieur Hermann Heine, Hamburg. [Heine's sister Charlotte] of the loss you have recentl DEAR HERMANN: have just learned from Lottche Scientific American, Nov. 26.-The size of meteorites is generally small. In view of their high velocity this is a fortunate circumstance for us, who have to stand their bombardment. They are also very widely dispersed. In a shower of meteorites, it is probable that the individual masses are ten miles apart. Some of them are no larger than a pea, and are probably two hundred miles in average disearth meets these asteroids, which are of far tance from their ncarest neighbors. When the more than icy coldness, they fly through its atmosphere with enormous velocity. As certainly as the impact with an armor plate heats A perfectly honest man was he, my poor blesse the atmosphere heats the celestial projec- uncle, and it is with pleasure that I have learned, dea Hermann, that you resemble him in this respec tile. The mere friction is supposed to Alas! such good qualities are very rare; falseness an dissipate most of them in the upper regions of unfaithfulness prevail, and where badness is sown un the air, leaving them to slowly descend as cos-happiness and ruin will be reaped. The tears of th mic dust. Many tons of this dust is supposed on me also. (Is it as punishment or as affliction? wronged cry to God-whose hand rests very heavil to reach us daily. Here is at least a notch or know not.) I am suffering greatly, but I bear m foothold for a theory. The meteorites which misery with resignation in the unsearchable will c an iron cannon-ball, so the friction with God. HEINRICH HEINE. Undeniably this letter is an important contri bution to the life history of Heine. It treat of his sad lot at a time when death was near But it is also unimpeachable evidence that hi Confessions" are based on the exact truth that he really returned to the faith he had s often mocked through life, and that in this fait he sought and found healing and consolation a reach us intact are masses of nickel and iron. fifty or sixty small dealers who had trouble envelope of oxygen aud nitrogen will protect the end. OBITUARY. f W CARDINAL LAVIGERIE. Boston Herald, Nov. 28.- No recent prind of the Roman Catholic Church has made than the Cardinal Archbishop of Africa, as th greater impression upon the civilized worl Pope has fondly called him. His career wa that of a great and strong man, who had serve the Church before he was sent to Africa as th with distinction in many important offices Archbishop of Algiers to hold up Christiani could to break down the African slave trade, against Mohammedanism and to do what l which the creed of the Moslems was maintaine Quite recently he visited London, and then, the first time in English history, was nessed the spectacle of two Roman Cardina sitting at the side of the Archbishop HEINE'S LAST LETTER. Canterbury on a public platform. His gre Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums (Berlin), distinction was his statesmanship. He n lication is about to come from the press. markable degree in North Africa, but he b Nov. 4.-A very significant and important pub-only developed his own communion to a r Heine's ninety-two-year-old sister, Frau Char- came the leader in Africa, as well as in Europ lotte Embden of Hamburg, has decided to in efforts to abolish the slave trade, and he w publish all the poet's letters to herself and hers the pioneer in the efforts which different Eur that are in her possession. By the kindness of pean nations are now making to secure t the publisher I am afforded the agreeable op- result. The French Government was great portunity to lay before the readers of this indebted to him for his efficiency in matters of the most interesting docu- state, and he had the ability to deal with sec ments of the collection. It is, apparently, lar matters as efficiently as he had shown hi Heine's last letter. In my edition of the self able to deal with his ecclesiastical jurisdi letters, the latest bears date of Nov. 6, tion. He did not live to see the full fruition THE FUTURE OF THE PROHIBITION PARTY. 1855. The one that follows was written a his hopes in the destruction of the pow The People's party cut badly into the Prohibiof Moslemism in Africa, which means tionist vote in several Western States, reducing breaking up of the slave trade, but it w even the former totals. This was compensated greatly restricted by his efforts. whole liberal sentiment of the State-business men and all—is with Mr. Russell, just because he is bold enough to declare himself against Prohibition and fraud. Irving (Washington). Temple Bar, London, Nov., 21 pp. Tennyson (Alfred). Mary S. Daniels, B.A. Meth. Mag., Toronto, Dec., 8 pp. Whittier, John Vance Cheney, Chautauquan, Dec., 71⁄2 pp. EDUCATION, LITERATURE, ART. Algebra, Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Facility in: To What Extent Is Each Important in Preparation for College? Prof. J. M. Peirce, Harvard University. School and College, Nov., 6 pp. Architectural Antiquities of the Isle of Wight. Antiquary, London, Nov., Illus., 6 pp. Art in Childhood, Three Degrees of. The Fine Art of Seeing. W. K. Wickes. Booksellers in the 17th Century. Bookworm, London, Nov., 4 PP. Christmas in Art. Clarence Cook. Chatauquan, Dec., 10 pp. Chronograms, On. James Hilton, F.S.A. Antiquary, London, Nov., 8 pp. Dialect in Literature. James Whitcomb Riley. Forum, Dec., 8% pp. Education (American), A New Factor in. Prof. Byron D. Halsted. Chantauquan, Dec., 5 pp. The agricultural college, etc. Education (Popular), Wherein It Has Failed. Pres. Charles W. Eliot. Forum, Fair-Builders (the), The Artistic Triumph of. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Forum, Greek Architecture, Influence of, in the United States. III. Prof. W. H. Goodyear. Chautauquan, Dec., 9 pp. Illus. Descriptive. Holy Wells: Their Legends and Superstitions. R. C. Hope, F.S.A., F.R.S.L. Antiquary, London, Nov., 3 pp. Horticultural Library (A). Bookworm, London, Nov., 5 pp. On the library of J. H. Krelage, of Haarlem. Journalism, The Vanities of. Murat Halstead. Cosmp., Dec., 6 pp. Journalists and Journalism (French). Arthur Hernblow. Cosmop., Dec., 10 pp. Keats, Some Notes on. Philip B. Goetz. Harvard Monthly, Nov. 5 pp. Public Schools (The) of St. Louis and Indianapolis. Dr. J. M. Rice. Forum, Qualifications (the) of Candidates for Admission to College, Methods of Determining. Francis H. Waterhouse, Head Master English High School, Boston. School and College, Nov., 15 pp. Scott, Dickens, and Thackeray, Are They Obsolete? W. H. Mallock, Forum, Dec., 11 pp. Song of Songs (The). Russell Martineau. Amer. Jour. Philology, Vol. XIII,, No. 3, pp. 22. Observations of The Song of Solomon. Tennyson, The Less-Known Poems of. The Rev. W. H. Withrow, D.D. Meth. Mag.. Toronto, Dec., 9 pp. Tennyson's Poetry. The Romantic Elements in. Lewis E. Gates. Harvard Universities (Great American). Pres. Charles W. Super. School and College, Virgin (the), Some Types of. Theodore Child. Harper's, Dec., 14 pp. Illus. POLITICAL. Bishops (The) and Political Morality. Lyceum, Dublin, Nov., 3 pp. The point is made that the Bishops should impress upon the people the obligations to promote proper political measures. Democracies (The Greek and American). III. The Citizen. David H. Wheeler, DD., LL.D. Chautauquan, Dec., 4 PP. Election Methods (Improved). Lyceum, Dublin, Nov., 4 pp. Calls attention to the more important plans divised for improving the methods of election. Irish Crisis (the), Points about. VIII. James Halpin. Donahoe's Mag., Dec.. 3 PP. Political Revolutions. W. R. Merriam. Literary Northwest, Dec., 3 pp. Con- RELIGIOUS. Fair (the), Why It Must Be Open on Sunday. The Rev. J. W. Chadwick. Forum, Moslem Shrine (A) and a Funeral. Temple Bar, London, Nov., 7 pp. Oka, The Silent Monks of. Thomas P. Gorman. Cosmop., Dec., 10 pp. Illus. Descriptive of the Trappist Monks, near Oka, Canada. Psalms (the), Some Old English Metrical Versions of. W. A. Clouston. Bookworm, London, Nov., 7 pp. SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. Black-Art (the), Light on. Alexander Herrmann. Cosmop., Dec., 6 pp. Illus. The growth and development of necromancy. Infancy and Childhood, The Care of. Stonewall Johnson, M.D. Childhood, Dec., 3 pp. Logic (Childhood's). Frances C. Sparhawk. Childhood, Dec., 2 pp. Illustrating precocious reasoning. Motherhood, Preparation for. Florence Huli. Childhood, Dec., 3 pp. Aerial Navigation. O. Chanute, C.E. Jour. of the Military Service Institution, New York, Nov., 15 pp. SOCIOLOGICAL. Brandy and Socialism: The Gothenburg Plan. John Graham Brooks. Forum. Chinese (the), A New Light on. Henry Burden McDowell. Harper's, Dec., 15 Korea, Village Scenes in. Alethe Lowber Craig. Chautauquan. Dec., 5 pp. Goldth Obeah (the), The American Negroes and. Eugene M. Aaron, Ph.D. waite's Geograph. Mag., Nov., 6 pp. Descriptive of the Obeah superstition. Parents and Children, The Reciprocal Obligations of. Lester F. Ward. Childhood, Dec., 21⁄2 pp. Poverty, Problems of. How Should a City Care for Its Poor? Prof. F. G. Peabody. Special Needs of the Poor in New York. Jacob A. Riis. Forum, Dec., 282 PP. UNCLASSIFIED. Athletics in Japan. John A. MacPhail. Outing, Dec., 7 pp. Illus. Descriptive. Columbian Celebration (the), The Lesson of. The Rev. J. V. O'Connor. Donahoe's Mag., Dec., 3 pp. Duck-Shooting in Australia, Maurice McCarthy O'Leary. Cosmop., Dec., 6 pp., Illus. Descriptive. Elephant (A Rogue); or, A Chapter of Wild Sport in Ceylon. F. FitzRoy Dixon. Outing, Dec., pp., Illus. Gold Money Without Gold. N. C. Fredericksen. Bankers' Mag., London, Nov., 7 pp. Gold, Silver, and Currency in the East. Banhers' Mag., London, Nov., 9 pp. Goose-Shooting in the South Platte Valley. J. N. Hall, M.D. Outing, Dec., 3. pp. Illus. Descriptive. Guns and Forts. Lieut.-Col. W. R. King. Four. of the Military Service Institution, New York, Nov., 21 pp. Indian Corn: Its Use in Europe as a Human Food. George William Hill. Chautauquau, Dec, 5% pp. Indebtedness of the United States Government. A. B. Nettleton, Asst. Sec. of the Treasury. Chautauquan. Dec., 4 pp. A statement of the public debt. Internal Revenue System of the United States. Judge W. W. Carruth. Chautau quan, Dec., 4 pp. Descriptive of its methods, etc. Japan Revisited. A Japanese Watering-Place. Sir Edwin Arnold. Cosmop. Dec., 11 pp. Illus. Descirptive. Louisville: A Sketch. George H. Yenowine. Cosmop., Dec., 8 pp. Illus. Historical and descriptive. Mark Twain's Big Namesake. Frank M. Chapman. St. Nicholas, Dec., 6 pp. Outing, Dec., 5 pp. Illus. Descriptive. Postboy (the), From, to the Fast Mail. Elizabeth Satterfield. St.Nicholas, Dec., Skobeleff's Last Campaign. Capt. Charles H. Clark. Jour of the Military Service Institution, New York, Nov., 31 pp. With Maps. Sultan (the), The City of. The Rev. W. H. Withrow, D.D. Meth. Mag. Toronto, Dec., 12 pp. Illus. Descriptive. Wheel and Camera, Around the World With, Minneapolis to Miles City. Frank G. Lenz. Outing, Dec., 7 pp. Illus. Descriptive. World's Columbian Exposition, Its Cost and Resources. Major Joseph Kirkland. Chautauquan, Dec., 4 pp. Youcan (the), A Journey to. The Rev. W. W. Kirby. Written Thirty Years Ago. Manitoban, Winnipeg, Nov.. 5 pp. FRENCH. BIOGRAPHICAL. Billaud Varenne, Unpublished Memoirs of. Nouvelle Rev., Paris, Oct. 15, Nov. 1, pp. 27, 28. Two portions of the Memoirs of a man conspicuous during the first French Revolution, who died in 1819. Gladstone. Marie Dronsart. Correspondant, Paris, Oct. 25, pp. 35. Last of six parts of a Study of the G. O. M. Quinet (Edgar). Emile Faguet. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Nov. 1, pp. 32. Study of the works of Quinet. EDUCATION, LITERATURE, AND ART. Art in French Provinces. Henry Jouin. Nouvelle Rev., Paris, Nov. 1, pp. 25. First paper. Education (Correctional) for Young Girls in France and other Countries. Henri Joly. Correspondant, Paris, Oct. 10 and 25, pp. 20, 21. Two of a series of papers. Egypt, Grecian Schools in. J. Fournier-Lefort. Nouvelle Rev., Paris, Nov. 1, pp. 8. Descriptive of schools at Alexandria, in which much time and care are given to the study of the French language. Music and the Modern Soul. G. Derepas. Correspondant, Paris, Oct. 25, pp. 20. Contention that the music of the future can touch the human heart only by remaining faithful to the spirit which animated the masters of the past, especially Beethoven. Tessier (Michael), Private Life of. Edouard Rod. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Oct. 15, Nov. 1, pp. 37, 42. Concluding portions of a novel. HISTORICAL. Charles V. of France, Details of His Death. Simeon Luce. Correspondant. Paris, Oct. 10, pp. 26. Historical. France Under the First Restoration. II. The Rise of Parties and the Ministry of Marshal Soult. Henry Houssaye. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Oct. 15, PP. 37. Historical. Lettres de Cachet. Frantz Funck-Brentano. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Oct. 15. Pp. 33. The nature of the Lettres which consigned persons to the Bastille, as shown by the recently published archives of that prison. Louis XIV., A Papal Legate Sent to Him. Comte Charles de Moüy. Nouvelle Rev., Paris, Oct. 15 and Nov. 1, pp. 17. 16. The Legate was Cardinal Chigi, nephew of the Pope, sent to France as Legate in 1664. POLITICAL. France, Strategic Situation of, in the War of To-morrow. Nouvelle Rev., Paris, Nov. 1, pp. 25. First paper. Japan and the Occidental Nations, à propos of the Question of Exterritoriality. Motoyosi-Saizau. Nouvelle Rev., Paris, Nov. 1, pp. 14. United States (the), Political Life in. C. de Varigny. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Oct. 15, pp. 26. Descriptive of the machinery of politics in the United States. SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. Hallucinations (Veracious) and Mental Suggestion. Fr. Paulhan. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Nov. 1, pp. 36. Inferring from a large number of instances cited that there is more than is generally thought in what are called Hallucinations and Mental Suggestions. Man. Marquis de Nadaillac. Correspondant, Paris, Oct. 10 and 23, pp. 18, 19. The origin of man and how long he has been on the earth. Progress, How the Idea Was Formed. First of a Series of Studies of the 18th Century. Ferdinand Brunetière. Rev. des Deux Mondes, Paris, Oct. 15, pp. 40. Books of the Week. AMERICAN. A Millwood Romance, and Other Stories. A. L. Donaldson. Thomas Whittaker. Army of Northern Virginia. William Allan. Houghton, Mifflin, & Bo., Boston. Cloth, $3.50. A Stumble on the Threshold. James Payn. D. Appleton & Co. Cloth, $1. Biology (Elementary), Text-Book on. With 136 Illustrations. H. J. Campbell. Macmillan & Co. Cloth, $1.60. Chemistry (Practical Medical and Physiological), Manual of. Charles E. Pellew, E.M. D. Appleton & Co. Cloth, $2.50. Chosen Valley (The). Mary Hallock Foote. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Boston. Cloth, $1.25. Christ Enthroned in the Industrial World. How Christianity Must Deal With the Labor Problem. Charles Roads. Hunt & Eaton. Dancing as an Art and Pastime. Edward Scott. Macmillan & Co. Cloth. $2.25. Dano-Norwegian Language (the), Grammar of. J. Y. Sargent. Macmillan & Co. Cloth, $1.90. Electric-Light Fitting (Practical). A Treatise on the Wiring and Fitting-up of Buildings Deriving Currents from Central-Station Mains, and the Laying Down of Private Installations, Including the Latest Edition of the Phoenix Fire Office Rules. With 224 Illustrations. F. C. Allsop. Macmillan & Co. Cloth, 1.50. English Literature (Early), The History of. Being the History of English Poetry from its Beginning to the Ascension of King Alfred. Stopford A. Brooke. Macmillan & Co. Cloth, $3.50. From Dusk to Dawn. Katherine Pearson Woods. D. Appleton & Co. Cloth, $1.25. Hermine's Triumph, Madame Colomb. D. Appleton & Co. Cloth, $1.50. Horae Evangelicae; or, the International Evidence of the Gospel History. Being an Inquiry into the Structure and Origin of the Four Gospels, and the Characteristic Design of Each Narrative. Edited by the Rev. H. A. Birks. Macmillan & Co. $4. I Believe in God the Father Almighty. The Rev. John Henry Barrows, D.D. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York and Chicago. Cloth, $1. In Arctic Seas. A Narrative of the Voyage of the Kite with the Peary Expedition to North Greenland. Robert N. Keely, Jr., M.D., Surgeon to the Expedition, and G. G. Davis, A.M., M.D. Rufus C. Hartranft, Philadelphia. Cloth, Illus., $3.50. Invertebrata (the), The Physiology of. A. B. Griffiths, Ph.D. D. Appleton & Co. Cloth, $4. Old Testament (The) in the Jewish Church. W. Robertson Smith. D. Appleton & Co. Cloth, $3. Parliament (the English), History of. Together with an Account of the Parliaments of Scotland and Ireland. George Barnell Smith. Ward, Lock, Bowden, & Co. 2 vols. Cloth, Illus., $6. Plato's Dialogues. Referring to the Trial and Death of Socrates. Reprinted from the Translation of William Wheweli, D.D. Euthyphro, Socrates' Apology. Crito, Phædo. Macmillan & Co. Cloth, $1. Printing Arts (The). An Epitome of the Theory, Practice, Processes, and Mutual Relations of Engraving, Lithography, and Printing in Black and Colors. John Whitfield Harland. Ward, Lock, Bowden, & Co. Cloth, Illus., $1. Prose Idylls. John Alber. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Boston. Cloth, $1.25. Scotland, Egypt, England, Germany, India, Ireland, Palestine. Illustrated with Pen and Pencil. Hurst & Co. 7 vols., Cloth, Illus., Each, $2.50. Selden (John), The Table Talk of. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Samuel Harvey Reynolds, M.A. Macmillan & Co. Cloth. 8vo., $2.50. Social Life in England from the Restoration to the Revolution, 1660-1690. William Connor Sydney. Macmillan & Co. Cloth, $2.50. Vegetarian Dishes (New). Mrs. Bowditch, author of "Confidential Chats with Mothers." With a Preface by Ernest Pell, M.A. Macmillan & Co. 50c. Women Writers: Their Works and Ways. C. J. Hamilton. Ward, Lock, Bowden, & Co. Cloth, Illus., $1. Current Events. Wednesday, November 23. General Bussey, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, makes his annual report on the work of the Pensions Bureau and the Indian Department......Critchlow, the Homestead striker accused of murder, is acquitted...... The Committee of the United States Senate investigating the Pinkerton system begins its sessions at Pittsburgh; Mr. Frick testifies......George H. Pell, the Lenox Hill Bank wrecker, is pardoned by Governor Flower......A Chicago juryman is sentenced to a year's imprisonment for trying to secure a bribe.. Meteoric displays are observed in different parts of the country......In New York City, the Salvation Army Congress closes......Incoming pilot-boats report some thrilling experiences in the storm; boat No. 6 was struck by lightning. The French Panama Canal Investigating Committee is completed by the election of seven additional members. .Chancellor von Caprivi delivers a speech in the Reichstag on the new German Army Bill......The Italian Parliament is opened by King Humbert......The First Chamber of the Swedish Diet passes a Bill to reorganize the Army. Thursday, November 24. Thanksgiving Day......Secretary Tracy approves the findings and sentence in the case of Assistant-Engineer Danforth......William E. Curtis makes a report to the Secretary of State concerning the Madrid Historical Exposition.....The Senate Committee continues the Pinkerton investigation at Pittsburgh......Many football games between college and other teams are played; at Manhattan Field, New York City, the match between Yale and Princeton is won by Yale-Score, 12 to o. Definitive proposals are formulated by the American delegates for submission to the Moietary Conference at Brussels......Chancellor von Caprivi's speech on the Army Bill is severely criticized by the Berlin newspapers...... It is reported that Sir John Abbott has resigned the Canadian Premiership. Friday, November 25. Reports concerning the serious condition of Mr. Blaine's health are authoritatively denied....Dr. Scott, father of the late Mrs. Harrison, is seriously ill at the White House... Masked men rob the passengers in a sleeping-car on the Northern Pacific Railroad, near Hot Springs, Wash......The floods in the Northwest cause great suffering among miners and railroad men...... "The Breakers," the summer home of Cornelius Vanderbilt, at Newport, is destroyed by fire......In New York City, Senator Chandler, ex-Minister Smith, and Frederic Taylor address the Patria Club on immigration...... The Sons of the Revolution Society celebrate Evacuation Day by erecting tablets in various parts of the city in memory of Revolutionary heroes, and by a public dinner; the Old Guard has a parade and flag-raising.. ...The Pacific Mail Steamship Company obtains a temporary injunction restraining the Panama Railroad Company from executing a contract with a Chilian steamship line. In the International Monetary Conference at Brussels, the American delegates submit proposals outlining the policy of the United States; Senator Allison speaks......Sir John Thompson is sworn in as Premier of Canada. The French Panama Canal Committee begins its investigation; Premier Loubet makes a statement; several witnesses examined. Saturday, November 26. Western railroads begin a movement to abolish commissions on Westbound immigrant business......It is said that the will of the late D. E. Crouse, of Syracuse, which disposes of an estate of $10,000,000, is likely to be contested by a woman who claims to have secretly married the testator......In New York City, the Senate Committee on Immigration holds a preliminary meeting. The Senate Committee to investigate the Pinkerton system examines Robert Pinkerton, who has charge of the New York branch of the agency. A motion of urgency on a proposition to enlarge the powers of the Panama Canal Investigating Committee is defeated in the French Chamber, the Government opposing it...... Before proceeding with its consideration, the German Reichstag demands from Chancellor von Caprivi a statement of the Government's plans for meeting the extra expenditure involved in the new Army Bill......News is received of the destruction by an earthquake of the town La Union, Salvador; many persons were killed......Cardinal Lavigerie dies in Algiers. Sunday November 27. The annual report of United States Treasurer Nebeker is made public...... Louis Gathmann of Chicago has invented a submarine torpedo which is to be tested by the Government...... Mr. Blaine's condition is said to be greatly improved......In New York City, a man is killed on the elevated railroad .Several sermons are preached against football games on Thanksgiving Day.. The new chapel of the New York Cancer Hospital is consecrated. Persons attempting to address an Anarchist meeting in Trafalgar Square, London, are silenced by the police and the meeting is abandoned...... A ser ious fight between the two Irish factions takes place in Limerick......The Indian Government is taking great interest in the Monetary Conference. Monday, November 28. Commodore Skerrett is appointed to command the Pacific station of the Navy......State Engineer Schenck removes the chief clerk of his department, a Cleveland man......The woman claiming to be the widow of the late D. E. Crouse, the Syracuse millionaire, is said to be Grace Wilson, a former resident of Chicago......A fire is still raging in the rich Honeybrook coal mine, and its spreading to other mines is feared...... In New York City, at the trial of Dr. Briggs for heresy, the defendant files preliminary objections to the charges pending a motion to strike out two of the charges, a recess is taken for the day The Post Office Mutual Aid Association Fair opens at Madison Square Garden. The The French Cabinet resigns on account of a defeat in the Chamber of Dep uties of a motion concerning the death of Baron Reinach and its connection with the Panama Canal affair...... In the International Monetary Conference Great Britain's proposals are presented by Alfred de Rothschild...... Italian budget for 1892-3 shows a surplus of 436,000 lire......Baron Hirsch is slightly wounded by the bursting of his gun while hunting...... The German Emperor starts on a hunting trip......It is officially announced that the British Parliament will meet for business January 31. Tuseday, November 29. The Rev. Dr. John Witherspoon Scott, father of the late Mrs. Harrison dies at the White House......The Cincinnati Presbytery sustains the suffi ciency of the third charge against Professor Smith, who will now be put upon his formal trial....Senator Hill makes an argument in the Court of Appeals of the State of New York in defense of the Collateral Inheritance Tax Law...... At Allentown, N. J., two robbers force the cashier of the bank to give them $2,700; they are afterwards captured......In New York City the Senate Committee on Immigration holds a session......A meeting of fire under writers discusses plans for uniform rates...... The telegraphers of the Central Railroad of New Jersey threaten to strike......In the Briggs trial proceedings, the Presbytery of New York, by a vote of 74 to 54, order the two charges especially objected to by the defendant to be stricken out....... Trustees decide to lay the corner-stone of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine Decem ber 27. President Carnot has requested M. Brisson to form a new Cabinet......The International Monetary Conference appoints a committee to consider the de Rothschild proposition for purchasing £5,000,000 silver annually; Mr. Cannon is the Committeman for the United States......The German Minister of Commerce gives a dinner to Minister Phelps......The trial by court-martia of the officers of the British warship Howe is begun. POLITICS AS A CAREER. Forum, New York, December. Communities could not exist without foresight to discern as well as exertion to effectuate the measures requisite for their safety.-Aristotle's Politics, Book 1. PEAKING of politics as a career leads to the inquiry, What SPEAKI is politics in which and for which the chief occupation of a citizen is to be carried on? For the present purpose, the definition may be briefly stated thus: the science of governing, and the art of applying the principles of that science to the promotion of the equal security, safety, liberty under equal law, and the prosperity of the whole body of the people of a Commonwealth. The National Government and the forty-four States present a vast and varied field for the study and practice of politics as a career; provided the field can be entered and held, and its rewards counted upon with sufficient certainty to furnish an adequate motive for devoting one's self to such a career, in the same way as farming, trade, manufacture, the professions, etc., are taken up as a life business. A knowledge of political systems and of the substantial character and probable effect of laws ought to be universal in our country, where every citizen is in reality a law-maker, and has a direct and responsible part in the choice of those who admin- ̧ ister the laws. None ought to be voters, and much less executive officers, who are not substantially possessed of such knowledge. To put the power of making and administering laws into the hands of those ignorant of the nature, spirit, and effect of law is as absurd and at last more disastrous than to leave the blind to direct those who can see. Other things equal, those succeed best in all personal pursuits who best understand the end they desire to attain and the best means to accomplish it. This is true of government, and far more important; for the success or failure of one man in his lifework is but a drop in the great stream of human affairs, but success or failure in government affects millions at once, and may promote or retard the progress of a nation for a century. All men who are politicians cannot have political careers. There is not room for all, but only for the very smallest fraction of the great mass of people. Which among so many will be the fortunate or unfortunate ones to be chosen legislators or executive officers is perhaps the most uncertain of human uncertainities. The careers of private life can in general be entered upon at will to the personal advantage of the man himself and his family; but the true and honest follower of a political career must look not to personal gains and benefits, but to the general good of the vast brotherhood of men. He who is actuated by other motives is likely either to develop into a first-class demagogue or to degenerate into a condition of pecuniary corruption, or both. In republics such as ours, which in theory are the sovereign work and express the deliberate will of the majority of the whole people, the art, business, or trade of politics may be supposed to be equally open to all—either, as the case may be, as an unselfish, untiring duty for the common weal, or as a calling pursued for the private gain of the man or woman who undertakes it. There are many kinds of politicians. The socialistic politician has not worked out all his plans with the precision of Plato in his Republic, but he thinks how beneficent it would be if it only would work. When he is asked to point out in what manner he would change the laws and their administration, he is quite unable to do so in any fundamental way. If he turns, as many very practical politicians in other countries, and sundry very practical and some very unpractical people in this country, do to the very potent panacea of "free trade" to help the condition of those who honestly and diligently strive and hope for better progress, he finds that if he can buy the productions that he needs from other countries cheaper than from his neighbors, he must also sell the productions of his own labor and the labor itself, if it be in demand at all, at a cheaper rate; and that the gain, if any, made in his purchases has been doubly outweighed by the losses on his side as a seller of labor and products. He who takes up politics as an occupation, as one takes up any other calling, enters upon a career of much larger significance and much greater difficulty and responsibility than that of the politician that every citizen must and ought to be. The first duty of man is to provide by honest means for the maintenance of himself and family. Honest politics as a pursuit does not furnish such means except in the small class of administrative employments, and then only in a meagre degree. In such cases, the end of the office-holder's career, by any of the casualities of place, very often leaves his family and himself stranded on an almost desert shore. The associations and employments of private life are gone, and the savings of even the strictest economy are small. If we turn to the wider field of elective and legislative politics, the same duty and the same necessity exist. The patriotic citizen who applies himself to the study and practice of politics must have his worldly competence already assured, or he must starve or be tempted to forget or disregard his patriotism-one of the essential elements of which is hon.esty-and pursue politics as a trade from which pecuniary gain is to be derived. The rare individual who pursues politics from the patriotic motive of doing good to his fellow-men, and aspires only to understand and expound the institutions of his country is indeed a living beneficence, and the more of such politicians a country can possess the better. If we descend to the class of politicians whose object is to get gain for themselves either in money or power, and with whom measures are mere pawns on the chess-board of politics, we find perhaps the most dangerous and injurious elements, short of nihilism and anarchism, in the structure of political society. The corrupt and selfish demagogue is beyond the reach of codes and courts. Yesterday he was a Republican of Republicans; to-day he is a Democrat of Democrats, and, failing to get what he wants under these names, to-morrow he is a Mugwump or a Prohibitionist or an Alliance man-all depending on how it seems most profitable to gamble in the market of politics. Believing in the divine order that places the sum of human happiness within the reach of all, and inasmuch as only a few can possibly be employed in conducting a government, it seems to follow that politics, as a career, cannot be looked to by young Americans as the best choice of occupation in life; and, leaving out considerations of individual happiness and the tastes and ambitions that affect it, the very principle and structure of a republic seems opposed to the idea of the profession of politics as a pursuit. A political class in a republic must always be in danger of becoming or trying to become, the master and dictator of political movements—a Trust of Bossism and corruption, of which there is already an over-abundance. A THE EFFECTS OF MCKINLEYISM. DVICES from Europe indicate that there is very great commercial depression in all the manufacturing centres of the Continent and Great Britain. The effect of the McKinley Bill has been to almost paralyze many of the manufacturing interests of these countries, causing very great suffering to unnumbered thousands of industrious operatives. It strikes us that the commercial policy of the United States, as indicated by this Chinese-like exclusion of foreign productions, is one of extreme selfishness. It was not needed for the legitimate development of the manufacturing industries of the Republic. It seems to have been dictated by the grasping avarice of a few millionaire corporations. These soulless corporations often grind the bones of the poor by reducing their wages to the lowest minimum. Some of the employés in the miningvillages of Pennsylvania and elsewhere are living under conditions in which human beings can scarcely subsist. In a nation which has increased in wealth beyond any previous experience in the world, which is paying its national debt with unexampled rapidity, which is lavishing millions in pensions, and whose treasury is overflowing with silver and gold, the strange fact is exhibited that while the rich are becoming richer, the poor are relatively becoming poorer still. The result is seen in the estrangement between the classes and the masses, in the labor unrest which heaves and throbs from the mines of Cour d'Elêne to those of Tennessee, and in the labor-riots at Homestead and Buffalo. At the same time this great Nation, with its millions of square miles of land still unoccupied, which await only the touch of labor and irrigation to greatly enrich the national wealth, is excluding with a strange jealousy, that very labor which is so necessary for its development. The Chinese, who have redeemed much of California from a desert, and made housekeeping in that land possible, are absolutely shut out of the country. Even the poor Indians of the Canadian Northwest were not permitted to cross the line to save the hop-crop which could scarce be harvested without their help. There are some Americans who have enough of loyalty to humanity to be ashamed of the callous greed which inspires this selfishness. The case of Canada differs from that of the United States in that the heavy indebtedness of the country, created by extensive canals and other public works undertaken, demands a large revenue, which can only be met by a heavy customs-tariff or by direct taxation. The latter no Government is likely to undertake. The verdict of the Nation has doomed McKinleyism, and opens a new page in American history. Not by cutting itself off from the brotherhood of nations, but by weaving ties of commerce and mutual advantage, like Great Britain, with the very ends of the earth, will the American Nation or any nation fulfill the moral obligation of promoting the greatest happiness and highest civilization of all mankind. GOVERNMENTS AND THE NEW CONFERENCE. MONETARY M. CUCHEVAL-CLARIGNY, OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. Revue des Deux Mondes, Paris, November 15. WICE has the United States failed in realizing its hope of entangling Europe in the embarrassment with which the American Republic is struggling. In 1878, upon the invitation of the United States, and again in 1881, upon the joint invitation of that country and France, Conferences were held, to endeavor to settle the relations between gold and silver coinage. These Conferences ended in smoke. What chance has the Conference now sitting at Brussels of reaching more positive conclusions than its predecessors? Has a single important event occurred in Europe since 1881 of a kind to modify the monetary situation of any country whatever and to influence the resolution of its Ministers? Not one, so far as I am aware: In the German Empire, in Austria, Russia, and France, the governing bodies are inflexible monometallists. In England Mr. Goschen has uttered words which are thought to indicate a leaning on his part towards bimetallism; but the severity with which Mr. Gladstone has criticised the utterances of Mr. Goschen in regard to the monetary situation, indicates that the present Ministry will not deviate from the monometallic path. President Harrison, then, has but slight reason for hoping that the Conference now sitting has any chance of success. How can it be successful? Is is not a chimerical enterprise to try to make people use a kind of money they do not want because they have a better kind at their disposal. The United States employs simultaneously four sorts of accredited circulation: greenbacks, silver certificates, gold certificates, and bank-notes. These altogether make a circulation of more than a billion dollars, while its circulation of silver coins, of its own free will and as the effect of its manifest preference, is limited to 60,000,000 dollars, or a dollar a head. In the face of these facts and figures, is it possible to take seriously the American propositions? Are these anything else, as Mr. Luzzatti has pointed out, than an attempt to unload on Europe the mass of silver coinage struck so uselessly and with so little foresight? The Americans and their bimetallist followers insist that? |