onions is from 7 to 8 paras an oka, but at Belgrade they fetch 15 to 20 paras, and at Janina one piastre. White haricots sell at 20, 25, and 30 paras an oka.

The usual price for country wine in Turkey in Europe, is from 20 to 30 paras the oka, to travellers generally 1 piastre. At Belgrade a better class of red wine is sold at double that price, and at Janina at from 44 paras to 1 piastre. It may be imagined from this what wine can be obtained for, purchased wholesale. On the banks of the Save, in Hungary, a large bottle of wine fetches from 2d. to 4d., according to the quality. There are years of abundance in Hungary when the eimer, or measure of 100 bottles of wine is sold wholesale at from 2 to 3 shillings. The island of Crete produces annually 15 millions of okas of wine, mainly exported to Alexandria. This wine contains 20 per cent. of alcohol, and is said after five years keeping to have the flavour of rum. Wine one year old fetches one piastre the oka, or 24d. for 24 lbs. Two years old, 2 piastres and so on. Candia is also said to produce its 15 millions of okas of wine. Yet the wines of Samos, Tenedos, Cyprus, Candia, and Crete are almost the only wines that are exported from Turkey; and in Turkey in Asia, excepting in towns much frequented by Europeans, as Beirût, Jerusalem, and Aleppo, wine is not even to be obtained. In our time it was not procurable even at large towns, such as Sivas, Dyarbekir, Mosul, or Koniyeh. But very good wine was procurable at Tokat, Angora, Adanahı, and Erzrum, The Cyprus wines are celebrated, as also the malmsey of Candia; the red wines of Crete, and the vino d'oro of Syria: the wine of Shiraz, when in perfection, is to some superior in flavour to any know wine.

Brandy from prunes-the "slivovitza" of the Slavonians-costs at the towns where it is distilled, 5d. the oka, but at other places 6d. to 7 d. Poor raki sells at 2d. to 2d. the oka; but strong raki, which is twice distilled, fetches from 10d. to 20d. the oka. By the bottle, common raki is charged about 10d., and slivovitza, or schligovitz, as it is also called, about the same price.

A curious trade exists in some some parts of the country in tripe or entrails. They cost from 3 to 10 piastres the oka, are washed and used for cords for instruments, or as coverings for sausages, or are packed and salted, and exported as tripe to Italy, by Costainitza, and to Bavaria by the Danube.

Turkey is mainly supplied with salt from the mines of Wallachia, which, are very profitable to that state. Most of the pashas monopolise the sale of salt in retail, and Prince Milosch, of Servia, follows the example set to him elsewhere. It varies in price from 20 to 30 paras the oka, and being a monopoly, a vast amount of contraband trade is carried on across the Danube.

Coffee, like rice, tobacco, and salt is also a monopoly. Its price unroasted is from 8 to 10 piastres, the oka; roasted, from 10 to 12 piastres, or about 2s. 6d. per 2 lbs. Coffee and tea are among the few things that are dear in Turkey. Sugar is also heavily taxed, and hence it fetches from 7 piastres the oka in Servia, to 10 piastres in Turkey. Tobacco, another great monopoly, sells at from 5 to 6 piastres the oka for inferior qualities, up to 8, 10, and even 12 piastres for the best.

Some business is done in the way of skins and furs of bears, lynxes, badgers, and hares, mainly through Belgrade, for northern Europe, but we have no data as to prices.

Honey sells at about 3 to 4 piastres the oka. Wax about 15 piastres. Prunes sell at 10, 12, and sometimes 20 paras the oka. Raw Silk fetches at Larissa 110 piastres the oka when cheap, 150 piastres when dear. The average price is about 120 piastres. At Mostar the price is 160 piastres, but at Belgrade the market price attains to 400 piastres. Wool fetches from 4 to 6 piastres the oka, half an oka is lost upon 1 okas in washing. Cotton fetches from 6 to 7 piastres the oka. Wrought copper is pretty uniformly 4s. 2d: an oka. There exists some small commerce in timber with Hungary and other neighbouring countries, and box-wood is now much sought for. It abounds most in the lower valley of the Orontes, between Antioch and the sea. Gall-nuts are gathered in Turkey in Europe, more particularly in Lower Albania and in Greece, as well as in Kurdistan. A tax is put upon a license to gather, besides a customs or duty on exportation. Hence they fetch from £10 to £15 the quintal of 440 okas, or 990 lbs. Although we have shown elsewhere that the gall-nuts of Kurdistan are obtained from other species of oak, there is no doubt that the true Valona, Valonée, or Vallonia of commerce, as obtained in Turkey in Europe, ("maze,' of the Turks, "schischka" of the Slavonians, "gogosu" of the Dacians, and "kekidi" of the Greeks,) is derived from Quercus Egilops. The name is corrupted from Valanos, an acorn, and hence the port where much is shipped-Aulone-is known to the Italians as Vallona. Valona sells for forty to fifty piastres the quintal. Kermes is also still collected from Quercus coccifera, but to a very small extent.

Trade in pigs is almost peculiar to Servia. The exportation from Belgrade alone amounts to about 100,000, and from the whole principality, is estimated at from 3 to 400,000. A sucking pig fetches ten to twelve piastres; an ordinary pig, of about a quintal in weight, fetches thirty piastres or from six to seven shillings; one of two quintals in weight twice that sum. Fat pigs fetch up to £2, or a little more each.

The pig-trade with Vienna is quite an important branch of

commerce. First, one florin and a half has to be paid at Semlin upon each pig. Thence the herds are driven by Esseg and the Bakonywald, picking up their food by the way, and travelling in summer only by night. Fat pigs are, however, fed with maize in addition. Fifteen drivers accompany one hundred thin pigs, at the rate of 1s. 3d. per diem; but eight drivers suffice for one hundred fat pigs and they are paid 1s. 8d. per diem. The pigs get over from fifteen miles a day or night, and it takes the thin ones a fortnight, and the fat ones, six weeks to two months, to get to Vienna. There are regular pig stations on the road, known as obor. At Vienna, an octroi of 5s. has to be paid on each pig-a fat one fetching as much as £3 English money. Salt pork, hams, and even pigs are forwarded from Vienna over all the German States.

It will be seen from the prices given, that almost all the native productions of Turkey would afford as much profit as tobacco and figs, and other known objects of commerce, if proper and fast means of transport were provided by sea, supposing the customs not to be prohibitive. In the transport by Central Europe they are utterly so, and nothing in the exceeding cheapness of the Turkish market would enable them to traverse any extent of country. Take the example of the pig: it has to pay for exportation, 1 florins at Semlin and 5s. at Vienna, when a calf is only charged 3s. 6d., and a sheep, 2s. 6d. ; and then, again, to enter Germany a thin pig is taxed twenty kreutzers, and a fat one, one thaler. Lastly in France, the enormous tax of thirteen francs fifty centimes was put on each pig; so that when Strasburg was French (and the Alsatians are as partial to sausages as the Germans), whilst the German pig only cost about 30s., the Servian or Hungarian pig cost from £2 to £2 10s.

It is impossible in a mere Magazine article to have to do with more than generalities. To enter into details of an ever-varying demand and supply, would require an extension of space which would not be interesting to the general reader. Those, however, who are in search of useful and practical information upon the subject, will find it in the "Reports from Her Majesty's Consuls on the Manufactures, Commerce, &c., of their Consular Districts. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty." We have, for example, had occasion to notice the fisheries of the Lake of Antioch and its tributaries; and we find, from the Report of Mr. Consul Skene, of Aleppo, that the produce from this source alone was in 1872 15 tons, valued at 60,000 piastres, and the whole was exported to Malta. In the same valuable report, there is

record made of an act of the Turkish Government unexampled for its folly and mischievous tendency.

The Bedwins are a pastoral people; it was deemed wise to convert them into plodding agriculturists. To do this the tribes were hunted down by Turkish riflemen mounted on dromedaries. A military cordon was formed round them, and they were ordered in the name of the Sultan to till the ground beneath their feet, without oxen, implements, or seed. They were kept hemmed in on the area alloted to each tribe until their horses, sheep, and camels, accustomed to roam in search of pasture, sickened and died by hundreds! We have before explained that the movement of pastoral Arabs from south to north, and vice versâ, is equivalent to a removal of other tribes from plain to mountain, and is necessitated by the climate.

The series of articles in which it was proposed to show generally what are the resources of Turkey, have now come to a conclusion. The object the writer had in view was, as stated at the onset, to prove that the amelioration of that country could be best brought about by the introduction of skilled labour, of science and of capital, the natural resources being what have been depicted.

Since the series, brief as it has been, was begun, a war characterised by all the rancour of race and of religious antagonism, has arisen, prompted by the Panslavist Societies, who have for years been engaged in stirring up rebellion among the Christian races inhabiting Turkey in Europe. What the results may be, where so many complicated interests are at stake, and where so much feeling has been shewn, regardless of all past history, of present interests, and of the vast dispersion of the Slavonic race, embracing, as it does the Christian provinces of Turkey in Europe, a great portion of Austria, Hungary (including Bohemia and Moravia), Poland, and-with a Tchudish or Finnish element-all Russia, it must remain with time to disclose.

LOVE AND HOPE.

I SAW Love seated on a rock with Hope
Dead at his feet. A uniform grey screen
Of cloud concealed the young day's azure cope.

No wind-sown flower, no leaf, no blades of green
Grew near; the naked rocks, the leaden sky,
And those two shapes alone composed the scene.

Tears on his cheek, but none within his eye,

Whose lightnings now all spent or shrouded were. He had been weeping till their source was dry

With drooping pinion, drooping head, an air
Of utter desolation in his mien
(Grief for a space had yielded to despair),

And hands loose-clasped that hung his knees between, Listless he sat. His form appeared to exhale

A wan and waning splendour which was seen

To clothe his smooth, round limbs with lustre pale,
And flicker through his shining locks of hair,
Changing their gold to flame. But which did fail

To pierce the shadow that enshrouded, there
Where outstretched at his feet it lay—ay me!
That other figure feminine and fair,

Whose cruel death caused all his misery,
Alas for Love when Hope has ceased to be!

ELISE COOPER.