organs results. This is also the case when the bath is taken during the most unfavorable sealife changes for the air bather, and his habits sons of the year. Moreover, the entire course of become more natural and simple. In place of the desire for meats, highly spiced foods, and and a healthy thirst for the things that nature alcoholic drinks, there appears a natural appetite offers us. During a period of twenty years I have only seen good results from the cure, and many nervous persons who cannot tolerate cold douches at first are able to do so after a sufficient use of the air bath. Indeed, the light and air bath combines everything that is necessary. HOW ITALY KEEPS HER ART TREASURES AT HOME. MOST Americans know vaguely that there is a strong feeling and certain legal restrictions against the export, sale, or destruction of Italy's priceless treasures of art, but few realize the almost insoluble problems which confront patriotic Italians wishing to keep art treasures in their own country. Signor Ghino Valenti, professor in the University of Padua, writes learnedly and with much feeling on The Imminent Peril to Our Historic and Artistic Patrimony," in the Nuova Antologia. He takes up in too detailed a manner to reproduce in full here the history of the attempts to regulate the disposition of these objects, but a few of the difficulties he points out may be cited as typical. First is the legal and economic question as to how much right the government has in objects or monuments which are the private property of its subjects. Just when an object, canvas, cameo, statue, building or archæological find, is sufficiently pre-eminent in artistic value to warrant the government in forbidding its departure from Italy, is, as any one can see, productive of infinite possibilities in the way of injustice to owners and of bad judgment on the part of government officials. A system of complete repression of exportation is wholly inadvisable. In a country surrounded by the sea on all sides, as Italy is, it is quite impossible to guard the frontier adequately. The very portable nature of the valuable objects makes it easy to smuggle. A priceless canvas can be (and has been, more than once) wrapped around an umbrella and taken across the frontier, unsuspected. A Roman half-column, of great value, was sent to a northern museum, hidden in a plaster of paris model for a funeral monument. Trunks with known and successful devices of smugglers are brought into use. The feeling that an edict totally prohibiting the sale and export of private property is unjust is so universal that no one's conscience is hurt by evading the law. More than this, the forced secrecy of these sales when clandestine has a very bad effect from a commercial point of view. The original owners, dealing with men more or less dishonest, and running large personal risks of discovery, are forced to accept prices which would make the final purchasers gasp. The fabulous prices paid for great masterpieces are paid in London or Paris or New York, and usually pass almost wholly into the hands of unscrupulous dealers. The opposite method,-namely, total liberty of export and sale of art treasures,—is one which no patriotic Italian can contemplate without horror, so instant would be the swooping and harpie-like descent of wealthy connoisseurs upon his country. Hence some method of compromise must be adopted. But the question of how to regulate the traffic is fraught with disheartening difficulties. If the government refuses to allow an impoverished subject to replenish his coffers with the sale of a valuable tapestry which he has inherited, in common justice the government itself ought to buy it from him. But Italy is a poor country, with more than use enough for every penny of its income. The amount available for this purpose from the ordinary means of support (such as the prices of admission to museums, galleries, and monuments) is quite out of proportion to the immense sums needed to bid for Titians, Gorgiones, and Correggios against a world determined at all costs to possess them. The administration has done wonders with the small sums at hand, but infinitely more is needed. Another difficulty is the question of arti derful archæological finds. To whom do rangement of the matter, for so much of value to Italy depends upon its success. Not only the artistic future of the country is concerned, but the unique assemblage of historic and artistic surroundings which bring to Italy the many thousands of tourists who leave behind them such large sums. THE SUBTLETIES OF PAN-AMERICANISM AS SEEN BY A FRENCH EDITOR. MANY of our European friends and critics ness and accuracy the history of American see in the so-called doctrine of pan- foreign relations during the administrations Americanism the outlines of a coherent, de- of Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt to liberate, and subtle continental policy of pro- the present day, M. Goblet quotes copiously portions which will be surprising to most from the latter's various utterances on the Americans. From time to time this REVIEW Scope and force of the Monroe Doctrine, as has published quotations and condensations " an active principle of our general politics." of various European opinions on the subject. It is generally admitted in Europe, says this A slightly new view is presented in a recently French writer, that "the doctrine of Monissued pamphlet, entitled "Pan-American- roe, for many years passive, became active ism," by M. Y. M. Goblet, a member of the under McKinley and aggressive under Commercial Institute of Paris and foreign Roosevelt." The writer regards the Calvoeditor of the influential journal Politique Drago pronouncements as legitimate and inColoniale, also published in the French evitable developments of the Monroe Doccapital. He leads off his argument with a quotation from an editorial in the Temps expressing cordial Franco-American sympathy, written during the ceremonies attending the removal to America of the remains of John Paul Jones. M. Goblet then passes to a consideration of the Monroe Doctrine, outlining the historical, political reasons for its enunciation, and pointing out how its scope has been extended during the past few years. Up to the administration of President McKinley, says this French observer, that is, for three-quarters of a century, the Monroe Doctrine was little more than an abstraction, a high political conception. For threequarters of a century it remained a precious theory, piously adhered to. To-day it has acquired an economic significance, and it is about to receive a number of eminently practical applications. It has become definitive, has enlarged its scope, has given birth to new doctrines, and is about to become a reality." Reviewing rapidly and with great clear trine. He then proceeds to discuss the three pan-American conferences. The latest one, he insists, was held in Rio Janeiro principally with the idea of affirming the importance in the pan-American concert of the only Latin-American republic where Portuguese is spoken. Pan-Americanism, M. Goblet believes, is regarded in Europe with increasing distrust. This distrust, he believes, is due to the fact that the Americans, with their clever political ideas, have steadfastly refused to extend their political sway, but are constantly and irresistibly extending their commercial supremacy. The policy of the American Republic in Cuba has abundantly proved that pan-Americanism does not aim at territorial conquest. The attishown that pan-Americanism has not for its aim to injure the interests of Europe. The words of the diplomats, and their acts in addition, indicate to us that it is a commercial movement which is afoot. .. Pan-Americanism is a tude of the Americans toward Venezuela has doctrine of strenuous life and intelligent economic movement. THE NEW BOOKS. NOTES ON RECENT AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS. BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. The late Edwin Lawrence Godkin was for thirty-five years a conspicuous figure in New York journalism. It was he who founded the New York Nation, one of the few American journals that have been able to maintain themselves for any length of time as the exponents of independence in politics. Later he became chief editorial writer on the New York Evening Post, and in that position exerted an influence out of all proportion to the circulation of that newspaper. In the closing decade of the nineteenth century he shared with Charles A. Dana whatever prestige remained for the individual journalist in New York. His life and letters, as edited by Mr. Rollo Ogden, managing editor of the Evening Post, in two volumes (Macmillan), are full of interesting allusions to the political events of his time. In organizing the Nation staff of contributors and reviewers he succeeded in attaching to the fortunes of that periodical a great number of university and college professors throughout the country. Many FREDERICK DOUGLASS. of these men became his confidential friends, and the correspondence that they interchanged with him forms no small part of the material placed in Mr. Ogden's hands. These letters throw new light on the independent movement in American politics, particularly on the Blaine-Cleveland campaign of 1884, and the New York City antiTammany campaign of ten years later. In "Frederick Douglass," by Booker T. raphies" (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co.), we have a life of the greatest black man of his time written by the greatest black man of a succeeding generation. The career of Frederick Douglass belongs to the period of antislavery agitation culminating in the Civil War, while the whole life of his biographer from childhood has been lived since the war. There is a remarkable coincidence between the theories that Douglass held for the advancement of his race and the actual achievements that Washington has been able to bring about along the same lines. Both men gave much thought to the same problems, but it was not for Douglass to make very much headway toward the solution of those problems. His life was devoted to agitation, which paved the way for the constructive work of his successor. There are few more interesting figures in the period of the Renaissance than that of Vittoria Colonna, that remarkable woman whose personification of Italian aspirations has made her a figure of world interest through all the ages. Messrs. Dent & Co., of London, have just brought out Maud F. Jerrold's volume, "Vittoria Colonna, with Some Account of Her Friends and Her Times." Portraits from old authentic historical paintings of Cardinal Pole, Michaelangelo, Pope Paul III., and the heroic woman herself add to the interest of the volume. The author calls Vittoria Colonna a true child of the Renaissance, but characteristic of it only in its very best developments. "She was a star VITTORIA COLONNA. reproduced is from the painting by Girolamo Muziano, which is now in the Colonna Palace, Rome. BOOKS OF INTERNATIONAL INTEREST. 66 Few writers on the Far East can be as vivid, entertaining, and at the same time as accurate and informing, as Mr. B. L. Putnam Weale, author of "Manchu and Muscovite" and The Reshaping of the Far East," both of which have already been noticed in these pages. Mr. Weale. who knows China, Japan, and Siberia (as well as other portions of the vast Asiatic continent), as it is known by very few English-speaking travelers and writers, has just given us two other fascinating books. "The Truce in the Far East and Its Aftermath (Macmillan) is a sequel to "The Reshaping of the Far East." Mr. Weale does not "take back any of the statements made in his former volumes, but declares that the conclusion of the Portsmouth treaty and the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese alliance have so altered and modified far eastern conditions that not only "is the Manchurian question just as acute in a new and more subtle form as ever before, but it contains the germs of great future trouble." The present peace in the Far East, he believes, is only a truce, a truce which will last as long as the alliance between England and Japan. At the termination of this alliance.-if it be terminated,-Japan and Russia will fight again, unless,-which is more than a possibility, a new and vigorous China arises as a world power. Real peace, he declares, will come when the world realizes four facts: that Japan is an independent power in the true sense of the word, that China has risen as a modern nation, that England is not a military nonentity, and that Russia has inaugurated a new policy. The volume is divided into three parts, considering (1) Japan and the new position, (2) China and the Chinese, and (3) the powers and their influence. There are nearly 200 pages of exceedingly valuable appendices, including texts of treaties, tables of national debts and war strength and several excellent maps. The second volume is not written, but edited, by Mr. Weale. It is entitled "Indiscreet Letters from Peking" (Dodd, Mead), and is the notes of an eyewitness, setting forth in some detail the real story of the siege and sack of the Chinese capital after the Boxer uprising of 1900. For vivid descriptive writing this story of the siege, in the form of letters not originally intended for publication, has seldom been equaled in our experience. The volume is really the story, not the history, of the siege of the legations in Peking, of the relief of the besieged, and of the sack of the city. Interesting sidelights are cast upon the actions of the diplomatic representatives of allied Europe and America, and valuable, because honest and unpremeditated, comments upon the way the different international troops behaved during the siege. To the many books already published upon that many-sided, many-peopled Austrian Empire there is a useful and worthy addition in "The Whirlpool of Europe" (Dodd, Mead), by Archibald R. and E. M. Colquhoun. This is not merely a travel book, nor yet one purely geographical or political, but a combination of the two. The paramount importance of the AustroHungarian question in European politics and the crisis which seems sure to follow in that monarchy upon the death of the aged Kaiser Franz Joseph are enough in themselves to justify such a volume. The subject also is full of interest, of historical associations, and of many of the problems of modern social and political life. This volume is illustrated with portraits and maps. AMERICAN HISTORY. Prof. Leon C. Prince has given us an admirable Bird's-Eye View of American History (Scribners), from the discovery by Columbus down to the Roosevelt Administration. This survey necessarily touches only the mountain-tops, and omits much of the detail which ordinarily has place in our school histories. Any student of American history who finds himself confused or overwhelmed by the mass of material that is presented in more elaborate works should make it a point to read Professor Prince's book for the sake of its clarifying effect. In the series of "Original Narratives of Early American History," reproduced under the auspices of the American Historical Association and edited by Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, of the Car negie Institution (Scribners), one volume is devoted to Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543," containing the narratives of Alvar Nuñez Cabeca de Vaca, the narrative of the expedition of Hernando de Soto, by the Gentleman of Elvas, and the narrative of the expedition of Coronado, by Pedro de Castañeda. The first and third of these narratives were edited by Frederick W. Hodge, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the second by Theodore H. Lewis, an honorary member of the Mississippi Historical Society. It is believed that when interest and historical importance are both taken into account these three narratives stand pre-eminent among the existing materials of this character which constitute an extensive literature. A noteworthy addition to the subject of Americana in its largest sense is Dr. Edward S. Meany's volume on the discovery and exploration of British Columbia, which he brings out DR. REGINALD J. CAMPBELL. get Sound" (Macmillan). The volume deals with the broad general subject of western Canadian discovery, and is based principally upon the second edition of the journal of Captain Vancouver, published in London in 1801. Many interesting portraits supplement the text, and there are biographies of a number of the men whose names now appear conspicuously upon the map of the North American continent. Dr. Meany is professor of history at the University of Washington (State) and secretary of the Washington State Historical Society. RELIGIOUS WORKS. Dr. Campbell, of the City Temple, London, whose theological views have raised quite a tempest in religious circles in England, has embodied these views in a volume just brought out by the Macmillans, entitled "The New Theology." This volume is really an answer to the criticisms made upon Dr. Campbell's preaching. A work of unusual clearness, dealing with the entire question of the so-called conflict between religion and science, is Mr. Phillip Vivian's "The Churches and Modern Thought," which has just been brought out in a new and revised edition by Watts & Co., of London. Mr. Vivian's book is an honest inquiry into the grounds of religious unbelief. Among recently published books on religious subjects which make more or less real contributions to theological thought we note Dr. William Adams Brown's "Christian Theology in Outline" (Scribners). Dr. Brown is Roosevelt professor of systematic theology in the Union Theological Seminary of New York, and author of a volume now well known, entitled "The Essence of Christianity." The present work is an effort to treat from a scientific constructive standpoint, and from a modern point of view, the subject-matter of Christian theology. |