similar ways, scientists are laying much stress on Dr. Hodge's experiments on dogs. Indeed, Bum and Tipsy are now famous the world over. For full particulars turn back to Good Health. But the point to recall just now is that Bum and Tipsy received a little alcohol each day with their food, that the other dogs, Nig and Topsy,

received none, and that in every test which was made Bum and Tipsy failed where Nig and Topsy succeeded.

In the gymnasium of Clark University, when all four dogs raced after the rubber ball, each did his best, but at the end of every test it was found that no matter how hard Bum and Tipsy worked, Nig and Topsy beat them every time. They brought the ball back twice as often.

Once more then, and even for dogs, alcohol is seen to poison and defeat the power of living cells.

Nevertheless, tests on human beings will always be more convincing than any other cell tests which can be made. With this in mind, in 1892 Professor Kraepelin, of Heidelberg University, Germany, did some experimenting in connection with the students of the place. He himself says that he really wished to save a little of the reputation of wine and beer, for he saw that science was crowding pretty hard against every drink containing alcohol.

In experimenting with his students Professor Kraepelin always gave small doses. He knew, as we do, that those who use alcohol frequently in large doses ruin their lives hopelessly. Proofs of this are on every side, in every land. There are, however, thousands of honest people who heartily believe that alcohol taken in small doses is a help to them on all sorts of occasions. It was in this direction, therefore, that Professor Kraepelin experimented.

Various university students were eager to know facts, willing to be tested, and quite ready to drink or not to drink, according as the progress of the investigation required. One test had to do with a man's quickness in adding up columns of figures for half an hour a day, during six days. Those who were being tested without alcohol added their figures as rapidly and correctly as they could. Then the alcohol period began. And now,

for thirteen days, these same students used the alcohol and continued to spend the half hour a day at their addition tables.

The work went more and more slowly during this alcohol period until the nineteenth day. Alcohol was then dropped. The men continued to add, and there was immediate and marked improvement in the work they did. This continued until the twenty-sixth day, when they returned to alcohol; and once again there was change for the worse.

Thus the seesaw between alcohol and no alcohol went on, until no doubt remained. It was clear to all that the men always did poorer work during the alcohol period and better work when they had no alcohol.

There was also the test with the typesetters in Heidelberg. Dr. Aschaffenburg carried on this set of experiments.

Four skilled men were chosen. Three were in the habit of using alcohol in small amounts, the fourth acknowledged that he took too much once in a while, but all were ready to go without it now or to take it, as the tests demanded. All four men were indeed anxious to know whether they themselves could use their fingers more swiftly and accurately with or without the alcohol.

The amount which Dr. Aschaffenburg gave them on the days when they took alcohol was one ounce and a

Each group of four columns shows the work of the same man for four successive days. Each column, including the light, upper part, shows what the men were expected to do. Black columns show how many letters they actually set up on non-alcohol days. Dotted columns show how many letters they set up on alcohol days

quarter; that is, the wine which they drank had about two and a half tablespoonfuls of alcohol in it.

The men drank it fifteen minutes before they began their typesetting. For fifteen minutes each day they worked hard and fast. Each did what he could to set up as much type as possible; and yet, as shown in the illustration on page 60, in every trial but one alcohol hindered and did not help them.

But-and here we meet a curious fact-in every case the men themselves thought they were doing better and swifter work when they used alcohol than when they did not use it. It appears, also, that this is the usual belief of those who use alcohol. In spite of this, however, many careful experiments which have been made prove that the opposite is true.

Sweden has turned special attention to her soldiers. She wishes to know whether a glass of wine or beer taken before the shooting begins will strengthen or weaken a soldier who tries to hit the enemy.

Lieutenant Rengt Boy carried on the experiments. The soldiers selected were picked men—all fine marksmen. Their targets were two hundred yards away, and guns and rifles were used. On different days the men, in groups of six, were tested with alcohol and without it. The amount of alcohol given was about three tablespoonfuls. Sometimes this was taken in the shape of wine or beer the night before, sometimes within an