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And all this should be available to interested parties for an indefinitely long time, easily, and without requiring highly specialized equipment.

As a final remark, we stress the need to favor storage over discard, but with good judgment. Any clear hint of structure above the calm sea of background noise may be the clue.

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14. SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The most detailed bibliography of interstellar communication published to date is that of Mallove and Forward. Those readers wishing to explore the subject further will find the bibliography in reference 1.

1. Mallove, E. F., and Forward, R. L. Bibliography of Interstellar Travel and Communication. I. J. of Brit. Interplanetary Soc., 27, 921-943 (1974); II. J.B.I.S. 28, 191-219 (1975); III. J.B.I.S. 28, 405-434, 1975).

2. Oparin, A. I. Life: its nature, origin and development. Oliver and Boyd, London (1962). A summary of the writings of the distinguished Soviet biochemist, including some of the earliest theories of chemical evolution, first proposed by the author in the 1920's.

3. Haldane, J. B. S. The Origins of Life, in New Biology, No. 16. Penguin, London (1954). Further original writing on the origin of life and chemical evolution, written before the critical experiments of Miller were carried out.

4. Miller, S. L. and Orgel, L. E. The Origins of Life on Earth. Prentice Hall (1974).

A summary of twenty years of laboratory and field work in chemical evolution, written by two of the leading investigators in this field.

5. Lederberg, J. Exobiology. Approaches to Life Beyond the Earth. Science 132, 393–400 (1960).

The distinguished American geneticist explores all aspects of life outside the earth, or exobiology. Included are suggestions for searching for life in our solar system.

6. Cocconi, G., and Morrison, P. Searching for Interstellar Communications. Nature 184, 844 (1959).

The original paper in which proposals are made for the detection of signals of extraterrestrial origin at frequencies near the hydrogen line at 21 cm.

7. Cameron, A. G. W. (Ed.) Interstellar Communication. Benjamin Press (1963).

The first collection of original essays on interstellar communication, with stimulating papers by Morrison, Oliver, Bracewell, Cameron, Shklovskii, Townes, Huang and Van Hoerner. Included also are two papers by Frank Drake, one describing the first definitive attempt to detect signals Project Ozma.

8. Shklovskii, I. S., and Sagan, C. Intelligent Life in the Universe. Holden-Day, New York (1966).

The first substantive book on all aspects of interstellar communication. It is a collective venture between two distinguished U.S. and Soviet authors. Now a classic.

9. Kaplan, S. D. (Ed.) Extraterrestrial Civilizations. Problems of Interstellar Communication. NASA TTF-63 (1971).

10.

A collection of Soviet papers from a number of years previously, covering many aspects of interstellar communication. In English.

Oliver, B. M., and Billingham, J. Project Cyclops. A Design Study of a System for Detecting
Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life. NASA CR114445 (1972).

The first detailed conceptual design study for a system for detecting signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. Project Cyclops is a terrestrial system of phased radiotelescopes with a highly sophisticated data processing system.

11. Kreifeldt, J. G. A formulation for the number of communicative civilizations in the Galaxy. Icarus, 14, 419-430 (1971).

The first statistical evaluation of the possibilities for interstellar communication over galactic time scales.

12. Sagan, C. (Ed.) Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1973).

A detailed and exciting account of the first international meeting on communication with extraterrestrial intelligence, held at Byurakan, Armenia in 1971 under the auspices of the U.S. and Soviet Academies of Science.

13. Oliver, B. M. State of the art in the detection of extraterrestrial intelligent signals. Astronautica Acta, 18, 431-439. Press (1973).

A summary of possible engineering systems for the detection of signals from extraterrestrial intelligent life, including the main features of Project Cyclops.

Ponnamperuma, C., and Cameron, A. G. W. (Eds.) Interstellar Communication. Scientific Perspectives. Houghton Mifflin, New York (1974).

A collection of essays on interstellar communication presented in a lecture series at the NASA Ames Research Center in 1971. A very readable successor to Cameron's original book.

15. Sagan, C., and Drake, F. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Scientific American 232, 80-89 (1975).

16.

A condensed account of activities in interstellar communication to date, including a description of those attempts which have already been made to listen for signals.

Oliver, B. M. Proximity of Galactic Civilizations. Icarus, 25, 360-367 (1975).

The author examines, on a statistical basis, the number of times in galactic history that two civilizations will have emerged close to each other and at the same time, perhaps stimulating each to search for other civilizations.

15. INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATIONS SCIENCE WORKSHOP MEMBERS

Dr. Philip Morrison, Institute Professor and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is Chairman of the Science Workshops on Interstellar Communication. Professor Morrison is both a distinguished theoretical physicist and a respected scholar-philosopher whose ecumenical interests embrace the broad sweep of human and scientific history from the origin of the universe to the origins and definitions of intelligent life itself. He was one of the first scientists to predict that knowledge as to whether life exists on other planets may not be beyond our reach.

Dr. Ronald N. Bracewell, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, has made numerous contributions in the field of radioastronomy and has been interested in the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence for many years. He is the author of the book "The Galactic Club: Intelligent Life in Outer Space."

Dr. Harrison S. Brown, Professor of Geochemistry, California Institute of Technology, has made extensive contributions to science in the study of transuranium elements, meteorites, geochronology, physics and chemistry of the solar system, science and public policy, population problems, environmental problems, and natural resources.

Dr. A. G. W. Cameron is Professor of Astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory, Harvard University, and Associate Director for Planetary Sciences at the Center for Astrophysics. His areas of research interest include nucleosynthesis and associated areas of nuclear physics, stellar evolution, supernova explosions, neutron stars, quasars, physics of the interstellar medium, origin and development of the solar system, and physics of planets and planetary atmospheres. He is co-editor of "Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives," a collection of papers on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

Dr. Frank D. Drake is Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University and the Director of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Arecibo, Puerto Rico. His numerous contributions to the field of radio and radar astronomy are well known and widely acclaimed. He conducted the first organized search for extraterrestrial intelligent radio signals called Project OZMA.

Dr. Jesse L. Greenstein, Professor of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, has made extensive contributions in the study of the interstellar medium and stellar evolution. He was the Chairman of the Planetary Detection Workshops.

Dr. Fred T. Haddock, Professor of Astronomy, University of Michigan, developed the radioastronomy facility at Michigan and is presently the Director of the University of Michigan Radioastronomy Observatory. Prof. Haddock is active in both ground as well as space based radioastronomical observations.

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