"Horse-hoe early and frequently; when the plants are large enough they are hand-hoed and singled, leaving the plants not less than twelve inches apart in the row. Mangolds may be allowed still more space.

"Artificial manures I generally use to give the young plant a start, but I place the greatest reliance on plenty of good barn-yard dung; it contains all the elements we require. Some seasons, the last for instance, I could not see that the artificial manure used (superphos phate of lime) did the least good. Still, for turnips, I should recommend that a little be applied to force along the young plant at the most critical period of growth, until the rough leaves appear, when it is out of danger of the fly.

"The mammoth red produces the heaviest crops, especially on deep, rich soils; but I do not think it keeps as well during the spring and summer as the globes. When I speak of summer, I would here say that we had sound mangolds in the cellar last November, when we commenced harvesting the next season's crop. It may seem foolish to grow mangolds to keep in a cellar all winter, and feed the following summer; but I have an object in doing so, and they answer my purpose.

"The intermediate is a new variety, and a very smooth, handsome root it is, keeping well and yielding best after the mammoth. Where the latter grew, I selected the best patch I could find in the field, had two square rods measured off, the produce weighed, and the yield was at the rate of 2,030 bushels of sixty pounds, per acre.

"The turnip crop would not yield more than 800 bushels per acre; but the whole of the root crop averaged a little over 1,000 bushels, of sixty pounds, to the acre, costing between six and six and a half cents per bushel delivered in the barn cellar. We are now feeding from one-half to one bushel a head per day.

"I do not advocate the root crop to take the place of hay or grain in the economy of the farm; but in connection with them, I believe the animals fed on roots are not only more healthy, but also able to assimilate more nutritive material from a given quantity of dry food than they are from that food if not fed in connection with roots, or artificially prepared, as by steaming, etc."

MANLIUS AND POMPEY.

The receipts and expenditures of the Manlius and Pompey Agricultural and Industrial Association for the year ending January 18, 1870, were as follows:

The twelfth annual fair and cattle show of the Moravia Agricultural Society was held on the grounds of the society, Wednesday and Thursday, September 29th and 30th, 1869. The grounds have been leased by the society for a term of years, and consist of about eight acres, inclosed by a high board fence, are level and shady, and contain a well graded half mile track. Until two years ago, floral hall has amply accommodated the society, but since that time it has proved far too small, and the result is that want of space compels close packing to such an extent, that visitors are made uncomfortable, articles cannot be properly exhibited, and committee men find it impossible to perform their duties satisfactorily, either to themselves or to exhibitors. There are also on the grounds a good judge's stand, offices for secretary and treasurer, and a victualling hall.

At an early hour the streets of the village were crowded with men, teams, horses, cattle, stock, and implements of all kinds, finding their way to the grounds, which, before noon, had increased to a throng. Next year we surmise that our accommodations will be put to the severest test; the crowd greater, and exhibition larger; for then we shall have in complete working order, our Southern Central railroad. Of single horses there were forty, comprising some of the best ever exhibited at our fairs.

Thirty colts were entered for premiums, and many of these were worthy of particular mention, not only for what they were, but for

what they gave good promise of being. In the matter of breeding and training horses, our farmers have made rapid improvements for a few years, as fully appeared at this fair. Mules, also, are coming somewhat into use for farm working in this section, and several good specimens were shown.

The exhibition of one and two year old calves, bullocks and heifers, was an honor to our stock-raising farmers.

Mr. Webb J. Greenfield, of Moravia, had the best herd of cattle, and was awarded a twenty-five dollar premium therefor, and Harvey Harris, Esq., of Locke, received the twenty-five dollar premium for the best string of working oxen from any town.

The show of fat oxen and working cattle surpassed that of any pre

vious year.

The leading exhibitors of American Merino sheep were J. H. Earl, of Skaneateles, A. N. Chamberlain, of Niles, and Fred. Hunt, of Moravia. Mr. Earl received the special premium of twenty-five dollars. Mr. II. Hand had on exhibition a beautiful Merino buck, for which he paid $1,000. He was admired by every sheep fancier. Long and coarse wool-sheep were well represented by both native and imported specimens, and competition was warm and spirited. The swine pens showed samples of superior breeding. Fowls were rather neglected, although a few coops served to show that we can boast of first rate "blood" in this direction. Southern Cayuga is specially adapted to cheese and butter making, as several samples of both of No. 1 quality well attested. The Moravia cheese factory carried off the first premium on cheese.

In floral hall were displayed, in great profusion, all the fruits, apples, pears, peaches, plums, grapes and quinces, and numberless vegetables. Interest in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables hereabouts is evidently deepening. Flowers were there in rich abundance, thanks to the ladies of Moravia and vicinity. In farm implements we had great variety and excellence. There was a very fine display of carriages. The department of domestic manufacture was filled to the brim. The ladies exhibiting great interest in the awards therein, as well as in the prosperity of the society generally.

The second day was devoted to the exhibition of horses in harness, and to the trial of their speed, and resulted satisfactorily to all concerned. Afterward the president announced the premiums awarded, and so closed the twelfth annual fair.

The fine weather, the absence of accident or mishaps of any sort, the large concourse of people, the greatly increased number of articles

entered for premiums, the largeness of money receipts (which latter will enable the society to improve their accommodations and increase the premium list for another year), were most satisfactory to the management, as evidences of the appreciation and success of their endeavors.

The annual meeting for the election of officers was held at their agricultural rooms in Moravia, January 18th, 1870, and the following officers were duly elected for the ensuing year: Elondo Greenfield, President; M. K. Alley, Secretary; M. L. Everson, Treasurer.

The fair was well attended. The books were received and distributed.

FRANK NOBLE,

Secretary.

ONONDAGA.

The Farmers and Mechanics' Club of the town of Onondaga, county of Onondaga, herewith submits its second annual report:

The whole amount of moneys received by the club during the year 1869, from all sources, including a balance of three dollars and seventyfour cents ($3.74) on hand at the last annual report, was ninety dollars and seventy-four cents ($90.74); annual membership, fifty cents each; and the disbursements for the same period were eighty-five dollars and sixty-three cents ($85.63), for the following objects viz. ;

On account of rent of room, eleven dollars ($11); expense at the annual fair, twenty-one dollars and eighty cents ($21.80); printing, paper and postage, eighteen dollars and fifty-eight cents ($18.58), paid sundries, indebteness of club thirty dollars ($30); miscellaneous, four dollars and twenty-five cents ($4.25); on hand this day, five dollars and eleven cents ($5.11); ninety dollars and seventy-four cents ($90.74). On the 3d day of June the club held, at Onondaga Valley, a trial of plows with a view of testing their qualities for work, etc. This trial was very well attended and called together a good number of farmers, with several varieties of plows which are held in good repute in this locality. On the first day of July, this club invited an exhibition and trial of mowing and reaping machines, and other farm implements. This exhibition and trial was largely attended by those desirous of seeing the working of the various machines side by side and at the same time, and was a source of gratification to a large number. Besides mowing and reaping machines, there were also exhibited the various patents of horse rakes and hay forks, all of which were put into practical operation and attracted much attention.

The club did not take any final action on the report, though the committee were nearly unanimous in their conclusion. It was discussed through several sittings of the club, and such was the diversity of opinion of the members, that a majority were unwilling to approve of it, concluding the better course would be to let every one present and witnessing the trial, judge for himself as to the best machine.

On the 7th and 8th days of October, the club held its second fair at Onondaga Valley. Both days were fair and pleasant, and the attendance very large, and much interest and satisfaction manifested. The exhibition, in all its various departments of interest and value to the farmer, as well as to all others, was all the club hoped for and exceeded our highest expectations, and we cannot doubt the effect was beneficial.

This club has maintained weekly meetings of its members during the last year, for the discussion of subjects pertaining to agriculture and the interests of the farmer; and we have also a library of over 100 volumes, and additions have been made therefo during the past year. The following are the officers for the ensuing year: Luke Wells, President; H. Conklin, Secretary; C. C. Warlett, Treasurer.

H. CONKLIN,

Secretary,