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CHAPTER VI. Of Circulating and Fixed Capital.
1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what,
2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,
might be detrimental to the labourers,
3.
this seldom if ever occurs,
PAGE
127
130
134
CHAPTER VII. On what depends the degree of Productive-
ness of Productive Agents.
§ 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at different times and places,
2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages,
· greater energy of labour,
-
4.- superior skill and knowledge, .
5.
superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the com-
munity generally,
6. Superior security,
CHAPTER VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination
of Labour.
§ 1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior produc-
tiveness,
2. Effects of separation of employments analysed,
3. Combination of labour between town and country,
4. The higher degrees of the division of labour,
5. Analysis of its advantages,
6. Limitations of the division of labour,
CHAPTER IX, Of Production on a Large, and
Production on a Small Scale.
§ 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufac-
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle,.
3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production,
4. Large and small farming compared,
CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour.
§ 1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of
three elements, Labour, Capital, and Land,
2. The Law of Population,
3. By what checks the increase of population is practically
limited, .
205
206
208
CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.
1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent,
2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of
accumulation,
3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire,
4. Exemplification of its excess,
213
215
218
226
CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Produc-
tion from Land.
1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the
real limits to production,
2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing
return in proportion to the increased application of labour
and capital,
3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the progress of improvements in production,
CHAPTER XIII. Consequences of the foregoing Laws.
1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of
the principle of accumulation,
2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of
inequality of property,
229
230
235
243
CHAPTER II. The same subject continued.
§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by
the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance. Question of inheritance examined,
278
280
281
4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?
5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of prop-
erty in moveables,
287
291
6. — only valid on certain conditions, which are not always
realized. The limitations considered,
293
7. Rights of property in abuses,
298
CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the
Produce is distributed.
§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes,
CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.
§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the prod-
uce,
2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land,
3. Influence of custom on prices,
CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.
§ 1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves,
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the
slave-owners,
CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-
ing peasant properties,
2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland,
3. in Norway,
4.
in Germany,
CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.
§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry,
CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.
§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties,
2. Its advantages and inconveniences,
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries,
4. Is its abolition desirable?
CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.
314
316
318
321
323
§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure,
396
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-
nal rents, .
399
which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or re-
straint on population,
CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.
§ 1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors, . 409 2. Inapplicability of this advice to present circumstances,
CHAPTER XI. Of Wages.
§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other
words, on population and capital,
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages,
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-
straints on population,
which are in some cases legal,
5. in others the effect of particular customs,
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labour-
ing class, .
417
CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.
§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of
employment,
2.
would require as a condition, legal measures for repres-
sion of population,
3. Allowances in aid of wages,
4. The Allotment System,
420
421
428
432
434
437
CHAPTER XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further
considered.
§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of pop-
ulation,
2. Grounds for expecting improvement,
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring peo-
ple: by education,
and by large measures of immediate relief, through for-
eign and home colonization,
467
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in
different Employments.
§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attrac-
tiveness in different employments,