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to imply, in connection with the words you quote, that Judas had not been “bathed," i.e., had never truly entered into the Christian life.

1. God breathed into that lump of clay the breath of life; it became a living soul. Is the body, then, the soul? What commits the sin? The breath of God cannot sin. Can the body that the breath gives life to? 2. Jesus said, "I go to prepare a place for you." Was there no place for those who died before Christ came? 3. As heaven has no locality, what does the word place mean?

A. J. D.

1. This is a poetical recognition of the truth that man is a composite being, partly spiritual, partly sensuous and animal, The seat of sin is in the spirit, moral disorder in the moral nature. 2. Doubtless

there was. It would be highly arbitrary to assume that Christ or any speaker denies whatever he omits to mention. 3. How do you know that heaven has no locality? Heaven is defined in the context (John xiv., 3), and also by Paul (Philippians i., 23), as a society, a being with Christ. Of course, this is somewhere. Heaven is wherever Christ and the Christly are.

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1. You say that the discrepancies between the incidents recorded of St. John's Mary of Bethany and St. Luke's "woman which was a sinner" are "far too marked and numerous to permit any identification of the two." For the benefit of one who inclines to hold the identity. will you kindly state the discrepancies? 2, Are you familiar with the testimony upon this point of John Bunyan in his "Jerusalem Sinner Saved," taken, he says, from an ancient authority? 3. Is there a first-class circulating library in New York where persons residing outside the city can obtain the best books at a moderate subscription rate?

G. C.

1. In the one case Jesus is with intimate friends (John xii., 1, 2), in the other his host is an unsympathetic Pharisee (Luke vii., 39, 44-46) and the guests are offended at him (vii., 49). In the first case is Mary already a near friend and disciple, in the other the unnamed woman is notoriously "a sinner"in the act of repentance and

the first experience of forgiveness. In the first Jesus recognizes the act as a prelude to his burial, in the other as expressive of the newborn love of a contrite spirit. This diversity of situations and motives quite outweighs the coincidences that in each case there was a woman with an alabaster box of ointment, and a host with the very common name of Simon. 2. No. 3. Address the Mercantile Library, Astor Place, New York.

1. What is the best dictionary? 2. What books (if one could have only a dozen or so), named in the order of their importance, are best to help a clergyman, who has some knowledge of both Hebrew and Greek, to understand the meaning of the Bible. 3. What books would you most recommend to equip a clergyman for practical talks of warning, counsel, and evangelism to men alone? 4. Is any work on Systematic Theology pre-eminently better than others? W. G. B.

1. This depends on the user, his needs, and his purse. Thus distinguished, there are several "best." 2. In historical or der may be named Driver's "Introduction to the Old Testament," Salmond's "Introduction to the New Testament,” W. R. Smith's "Old Testament in the Jewish Church" and "Prophets of Israel," G. A. Smith's "The Twelve Prophets " (in the Expositor's Bible Series), Kautzsch's" History of the Literature of the Old Testament," Cheyne's "Jewish Religious Life After the Exile," Wendt's "Teaching of Jesus," Bruce's "Kingdom of God" and "Parabolic Teaching of Jesus," Mathews's "Social Teaching of Jesus," McGiffert's "History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age," Gladden's "Seven Puzzling Books," Whiton's "Gloria Patri, or Talks on the Trinity." 3. Referred to our readers. 4. The Outlook recently commended Dr. W. N. Clarke's "Out lines of Theology as of the best kind.

The verses, "No Sect in Heaven," inquired for April 22, we learn from various correspondents were first published in the Berkshire Courier," August, 1860, by Mrs. E. H. J. Cleaveland, and have been reprinted as a booklet by George H. Buchanan & Co., Philadelphia, also by P. Garrett & Co., Philadelphia, in "One Hundred Choice Selections, No. 2" (30 cents). They are also in a 5-cent leaflet sold by T. B. Ventres, Brooklyn. A copy kindly sent us has been forwarded to the inquirer,

The Home Club

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The division or apportionment of the family income, if not the most important, is one of the most important decisions that the heads of the family make. On it and the honesty and rigidity with which the decision is enforced or maintained depend to a great degree the family happiness. The discussion of money matters too rarely precedes marriage. Often there is a misapprehension of the financial basis on which the new family must be established, false pride on the one hand and false education on the other making frankness impossible. The expenses of a home so often appear out of all proportion to the results obtained that the head of the family often doubts the wisdom of the administration of this share. The unexpected expenses of housekeeping always exceed the expected. Then it is true that a wife has too often to learn how to use money, never having had an independent income. A husband too often has had income without responsibility, and has not learned how to share. He means to be generous. He frequently is with what is left after his own wants are supplied: not often enough is he generous with the whole; not often enough does he learn that what was perfectly proper when the income supported one is improper, because selfish, when it must support a home, and meet the personal expenses of two or more. Very often a man of limited income forms club and social relations that represent standards of living far beyond his personal resources. It is not long since some one defined a club as a home supported by rich old men for poor young men needed to lead cotillions. The modern club-house is a place of luxury; it represents the income of an immense capital. The man of limited income who becomes accustomed to its luxury, service, and convenience, acquires tastes far beyond his ability to gratify in any home made possible by his personal income. His lack of knowledge of the purchasing power of money makes him sometimes an unjust critic, while he may not be an outspoken critic. Nowhere are there such possibilities

for expenditure that does not show as in housekeeping; nowhere are there greater possibilities of waste. Sometimes this waste is due to the ignorance of the homemaker. Many women deplore the experience bought at the expense of a husband's earnings in the first days of housekeeping. The opportunities for training in the art of home-making, the literature that is devoted to this many-sided art, have done, are doing, much to make the administration. of the home far easier, the results of money and time expended far greater.

An accepted standard and a careful calculation on the cost of maintaining it are the first two issues to be adjusted and provided for. After that there is required the business and executive ability to secure a return in happiness, ease, rest, and love. This portion of the family expenditures affects every member of the family, and is the most important. Personal expenditures can be adjusted readily, but the standard of family living is a fixed quantity, except when sudden disaster or prosperity demands a change.

Frankness between the husband and wife, perfect accord as to the division of income, and preservation of a margin where there is not entire protection for the future, are the safeguards of the family life.

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School-Room Experiments

A most interesting article appeared in "The Child Study Monthly" for March on Nervousness and Fatigue in the School-Room," written by a former principal of primary grades. The writer, Mrs. S. E. Ware, has had eighteen years' experience in teaching, and in that time has made many experiments to determine the causes of exhaustion and its prevention in the school-room, especially in the pri mary grades. The results of these experiments are important and instructive. The article is a protest against the statement, made by the Bureau of Education at Washington, that "the average child of twelve years is not capable of more than thirty-five minutes of continuous study without becoming fatigued." Mrs. Ware does not accept this conclusion; she says

that if the child of that age is incapable of sustained effort beyond that period of time it is because "his training has been wholly at fault, and only such as should be given to weaklings."

Mrs. Ware began her experiment with arithmetic, and found that signs of fatigue appeared in ten minutes. Work was stopped at once. At the end of four months this group of children could work with enjoyment and without fatigue one hour. Her conclusion was: "I became convinced in my own mind, from this experience, that nervousness over school work comes to a child, not because he is worked too hard, but because of his consciousness that he is not able mentally to meet the requirements, and that fatigue or lack of endurance comes wholly from a lack of training or from poor training." Being made principal of a primary grade enlarged Mrs. Ware's opportunity for experiment and observation. Spelling and reading were added to number work. Fifty children were divided into five groups, divided as nearly as possible on the basis of mental and physical equality. At the end of four months twelve in the first division could work without fatigue for forty-five minutes, while eight in the fifth group could work but ten minutes. The first division then took books, and Mrs. Ware says:

I devoted myself for one half-hour each morning to showing them how to get the thought from the printed page, using several devices for this, and also how to study a lesson so that they could be able to reproduce it upon the slate or paper, or, in other words, how to spell. At the end of six months the five classes had consolidated into three, and the first division or class was ready for second reader. These were now able to concentrate their minds upon reading from any first reader, or upon spelling, for three-fourths of an hour, without showing any signs whatever of fatigue. As these children passed into higher grades the teachers reported: "No nervousness and great powers of endurance." Mrs. Ware concludes: "I have never seen a child nervous about his school work who felt sure of himself in his work. . . . Nervousness comes only with the consciousness of inability, either real or supposed. Make the child master of the situation by giving him a good understanding of what he is doing, and his neryousness will disappear."

This testimony, whether conclusive or

not, is a valuable guide to parents who are made anxious by the evident worry and nervousness of even young children over school work. That there is something wrong is certain when a growing child suffers from anxiety, and the causes should be removed.

An Unsanitary Practice

The New York Health Board urges housekeepers to refuse to buy vegetables or fruits exposed to the dust of the street. The dust that accumulates on these exposed food products is often laden with disease-germs, and if this were not so, it is uncleanly and unsanitary. Meat, game, and poultry are rarely so exposed, except in the lower tenement-house neighborhoods. While it is true that all such foods are washed, peeled, or cooked before being eaten, it does not follow that all the germ-laden deposit is either removed or sterilized. Foods of all kinds should be protected from all possible contamination ; and the demand made by housekeepers will be met by the merchants.

The Cultivated Voice

The American Voice Culture Society has for its object, as its name indicates, the cultivation of the speaking as well as the singing voice. The Society purposes training the voices of children especially. Groups of children from the schools have been organized in classes and taught to sing sweetly and clearly, and at sight, difficult music. The director recognizes the difficulties to be overcome because of the false, disagreeable voices that the children constantly hear. The Society is endeavoring to have the cultivation of the speaking voice made a part of the training of teachers. When this is accomplished, it believes that the nasal, rasping tones will disappear, and no longer be the distinguishing mark of so many Americans.

New Love and Old Love Time brought me many another friend That loved me longer;

New love was kind, but in the end

Old love was stronger.

Years come and go. No New Year yet Hath slain December,

And all that should have cried, Forget! Cries but--Remember!

-New York Times,

Vol. 62

The Outlook

Court of Inquiry

Published Weekly

May 13, 1899

The findings of the Report of the Army military Court appointed to investigate General Miles's statements about the beef furnished to troops in Cuba and Porto Rico have been duly approved by the President, and are now made public. Briefly summarized, the report finds: First, as to the refrigerated beef, that there is no evidence that it was treated by any chemical process, but that there was neglect in the transportation and delivery, and that "the testimony fails to show why it was that, with an abundance of these articles on hand [supplies already enumerated], and with entire freedom of choice in selection, any command that expressed a preference for either should not have been able to obtain the particular kind of meat it desired;" and that "the testimony is conclusive that [in Cuba] the command was insufficiently subsisted from the landing to the date of surrender—a state of affairs directly traceable to deficiency in transportation." Secondly, the report states that the so-called canned roast beef was well known at the time of its purchase to be not truly roasted, but the ordinary article of commerce prepared by the process of boiling, sterilizing, and canning; that the Commissary-General, in buying 7,000,000 pounds in a few days, purchased "a quantity far in excess of the actual or prospective needs of the military service, and to the detriment rather than the advantage of the public interests;" that there was evidence that some of the canned beef was injured by climatic conditions, and that some was "tasteless, unpalatable, repulsive to the sight, and at times nauseating" (the Court hardly brings out clearly the fact that nearly a hundred officers and men testified positively to these facts); that the beef was not at any time a

No. 2

cause of illness—a finding which readers of the testimony of Colonel Roosevelt and others may still think open to doubt, that the real causes of disease were the climate, the rain, exposure, inappropriate clothing, inadequate transportation, and similar things; that the canned-beef ration is suitable for use only where vegetables are available to cook with the meat, and then only as a partial ration; that beef cattle were not available in Cuba, and were not a certain mode of supply in Porto Rico; that there is no evidence that the packers of the meat were guilty of any misconduct. The Court also finds that the Major. General commanding the army had no sufficient justification for alleging that the refrigerated beef was "embalmed "or was unfit for issue to troops; that he committed an error in that, having a belief that the food was unfit, that it caused sickness and distress, that some of it was supplied under the pretense of experiment, that some beef was embalmed," he did not immediately report such knowledge or belief to the Secretary of War, to the end that a proper remedy might be promptly applied. Equally emphatic is the Court's condemnation of Commissary-General Eagan's conduct in certain particulars. The Court says: "The Court can but characterize the action of the Commissary-General as unwarranted and reckless, in that he ordered the purchase of such enormous quantities of food that was practically untried and unknown, and the Court so finds. The Court also finds that there is no ground for any imputation of any other actuating motive on the part of the Commissary-General than the earnest desire to procure the best possible food for the troops.

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The Court pronounces this act of the Commissary-General of Subsistence a colossal error, for which there is no pallia

tion." The Court recommends that no further proceedings be taken.

A Word of Comment

In forming a judgment respecting the findings of this Court of Inquiry four things must be borne in mind by the independent citizen: First, that this Court is very different from the civil Commission which preceded it. That was without authority to administer oaths or to compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of papers. This had the full authority of a military tribunal. That was under suspicion, whether well or ill grounded, of strong prejudice. This, by its personnel, is entitled to the confidence of the people. Second, the charges of maltreatment of the troops affected, not subordinate officials, but the two heads of the army. On the one side neglect was charged against General Miles; on the other, against Secretary Alger. It is hardly possible that a tribunal composed of military officials for the purpose of investigating charges which affected the heads of the army itself would not be unconsciously desirous to minimize the evil and judge charitably the fault; but such prejudice would be more conducive to justice than one which was hostile to the army organization and its chiefs. Third, the investigation was, by the terms of the appointment, limited in its scope. It was confined to an inquiry into the character of the beef furnished. No inquiry has been made, except incidentally and indirectly, as to the efficiency of the Quartermaster's Department, the efficiency of the transportation, the competence of those who had it in charge, or the propriety of the clothing furnished for the work of our soldiers in a tropical climate. Fourth, bearing these things in mind, we think the country will generally accept the findings of this tribunal, so far as the beef question is concerned, and that it ought to do so. But there is nothing in the finding which will remove, or ought to remove, the painful impression that incompetent officials were appointed in the Quartermaster's and Commissary Departments for political reasons; that the organization of those departments was bad and the administration of them inefficient, and that the radical causes of this inefficiency were two-hostility between

the two heads of the army, the Secretary of War and the Commanding General, who ought to have worked in cordial co-operation, and the appointment of unmilitary men to render military service, because political influence demanded their appointment. This public suspicion in these respects is, if not absolutely justified, at least in a measure confirmed by the incidental finding of the Court that among the real causes of disease were the inappropriate clothing and inadequate transportation. The painful suspicion that the soldiers were provided with bad food from corrupt motives is negatived, if not entirely removed; but the necessity for some clearly defined adjustment of the relations between the Secretary of War and the Commanding General, and the imperative duty of keeping the army wholly free from politics, is made clearer than ever, if that were possible. Whatever fault General Miles may have committed in failure to make prompt report of his suspicions respecting the beef when they were first excited, he has certainly more than atoned for it by bravely pressing the issue forward, at considerable peril to his good standing with his superiors in office, and forcing an investigation.

Edward Atkinson's

Pamphlets

The statutes of the United States make it a criminal offense to incite, assist, or give aid to any rebellion or insurrection against the authority or laws of the United States, and also authorize the Postmaster to prevent the use of the mails for criminal purposes. If an Anarchist had printed a pamphlet denying the right of the Federal Government to interfere with the mob at Wardner, eulogizing the dynamiters, calling the attempt of the Federal soldiers to avert this "a criminal aggression," warning men not "to be entrapped into enlistment in the regular army or the volunteers," and charging the Executive in its campaign against the dynamiters with "acts of criminal aggression," there is no doubt that the Postmaster might have interfered to prevent the distribution of such a pamphlet among either the army which was fighting the mob or the mob itself. Dr. E. Benjamin Andrews, in his letter to the Chicago meeting in support of the Administration last Sunday, writes: "The simple legal

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