price we pay for personality; for individual consciousness, power, and life; it is both the price and the promise of immortality. Self-consciousness is possible only through detachment and isolation; and the richer and fuller the content of consciousness, the more distinct the lines which demark and differentiate it. The sense of loneliness which attaches to greatness is significant of that detachment which must be secured before a high degree of develop ment is compassed; its roots are in the richest possibilities of our nature; its pervading presence is indicative, not of pathos and limitation, but of the greatness of life. Loneliness comes, it is true, with loss, sorrow, and calamity; it is one of the heaviest burdens of grief. This kind of loneliness is easily explicable; it is the universal loneliness which is misunderstood and misinterpreted. Its pathos has found haunting sadness of imagery in the verse of Matthew Arnold: Yes! in the sea of life enisled, With echoing straits between us thrown, The nightingales divinely sing; Oh! then a longing like despair Is to their farthest caverns sent. In these lines one of the truest elegiac poets has touched the very heart of the mystery; for the sense of loneliness is never so penetrating as when joy presses vainly against the barriers of speech; when the imagination dilates to its utmost limits in the presence of beauty of sound or sight or speech which goes home to the inaccessible place in which we live; when, in a word, the immortal part of us beats in vain against the limitations of our mortal condition. In all deep affection there is a passion for possession which is never satisfied, because there is something sacred and incommunicable in the personality of one we love; and there is a passion for speech which is always denied, because we cannot find language for the deepest that is in us. Our souls are greater than our vocabularies; we cannot put into words that which is too deep and inclusive for human speech. At the best we can only make signs to one another; if we could speak adequately, there would be no mystery and immortality in love. If we could perfectly possess one another, there would be no divinity in love; that which makes it possible for us to serve and sacrifice for one another, to exchange help, strength, and sweetness, makes it also impossible for us to merge into one another. The richer the power of loving, the clearer the distinction of individuality between the lover and the loved; to have the capacity of loving the race one must have a divine personality. It is through our differences even more than through our similarities that we aid and enrich one another. Matthew Arnold was not blind to the source of the separation of man from man; he closes his pathetic and beautiful representation of human loneliness with words which clearly declare the truth even while they misinterpret its significance: A God, a God their severance ruled! The possession of personality, with its sublime inferences of God, freedom, responsibility, development, and immortality, brings with it inevitably that sense of separation and isolation which is the source of loneliness; and this sense is deepened by the conditions under which personality is heightened and unfolded. As love is too great for speech, and leaves a pain in the heart, so the individual spirit is too great for its mortal conditions, and carries with it everywhere a sense of detachment. There are moments when everything seems smitten with unreality; the signifi cant experience which sometimes overtook the prince in Tennyson's" Princess," and sometimes overtook the poet himself: questionings Of sense and outward things, Fallings from us, vanishings; Blank misgivings of a Creature Moving about in worlds not realized. Heaven not only "lies about us in our infancy," but enfolds us through the whole journey of life. The two worlds in which we live are not separated from one another by a vast gulf; they are continually mingling and merging in a thousand mysterious ways. We pass from one to another as we pass from room to room; we are one moment in the physical and the next in the spiritual. We are constantly refashioning the environment of our souls; constantly readjusting the claims and relations of the seen and the unseen, the earthly and the heavenly. And in this endeavor of the individual soul to live in two worlds at the same moment, through a process of continual readjustment, there must come also the sense of loneliness which arises from our inability to understand ourselves and others. We are continually baffled and oppressed by our self-ignorance; our inability to see clearly what is taking place in our own spirits and happening in our own lives. The sense of loneliness which comes to one in a foreign country is greatly intensified if one does not speak the language. There are few experiences more baffling than to be with people who are friendly and companionable and yet to be shut off from all communication with them. As a matter of fact, very few men speak the same language; so diverse are our inner natures, so divergent our instincts and inheritances, so far apart our temperaments, that words do not have the same meanings for us. The deepest things in our lives never rise into the region of articulate expression; and of the things that may be spoken, few ever get clear, distinct, and. complete utterance. Moving in worlds not clearly realized; among those whose deeper experiences are inaccessible to us, as ours are inaccessible to them; speaking different language even while we seem to be using the same words; emphasizing the differences between us by the very process of unfolding and perfecting our own natures-is it surprising that we are lonely even with those who love us most tenderly and loyally? And yet, who would give up the possibilities of greatness or avoid the solitude of the mountain, the sublimity of the sea, the noble work of art, the sublime experience, because loneliness issues. out of the heart of these ultimate creations or reaches of achievement? In the loneliness which comes with greatness there is, moreover, the promise of perfect companionship. Cuban Industrial Relief Fund We are glad to report that the Boston "Transcript " and the " Providence Journal" are earnestly and effectively aiding in this work, and that individual subscribers are showing practical interest. Mr. R. S. Howland, of the "Providence Journal," who has studied the facts in Cuba itself, says: "The scheme is easily comprehensible and essentially practical. It proposes to help those who are willing to help themselves." A business man who was in Cuba in March, in sending a contribution of $100 to the Industrial Relief Fund, writes: "The suffering of many thousands of destitute in Cuba is awful, and the way best to relieve the distress seems to lie in the direction of the plan of Industrial Relief only, as you people propose." The pastor of the Congregational church in Havana, in a letter to Mr. William Willard Howard, the Manager of the Industrial Relief Fund, says: "Your plan is just what is possible and needful for this country, and after a time will be selfsupporting. I recommend it to all lovers of humanity, and assure you of my personal support." Send to The Outlook for pamphlet with pictures. Make checks and money-orders payable to The Outlook. CUBAN INDUSTRIAL RELIEF FUND Previously acknowledged.. J. F. H., Washington, D. C. Anonymous.. E. B. C.. K., Salt Lake City, Utah. C. A. H., Albany, Ñ. Y. Barachias.. Mary, Gladys, and Dale. J. T. P., New York, N.Y Total THE REGENERATION OF CUBA G The Government of Santiago ENERAL Leonard Wood was appointed Military Governor of Santiago on the 20th of July, 1898, three days after the surrender of the city; but he did not become Governor of the province until the departure of General Lawton, who had assumed command when General Shafter sailed with the Fifth Army Corps for Montauk Point. The most urgent and important of the duties that devolved upon the new Commanding General, when, in the autumn of 1898, he took charge of the province and department of Santiago, were as follows: 1. The cleaning and disinfection of the city of Santiago itself, as well as of Manzanillo, Guantanamo, Baracoa, Sagua de Tanamo, Gibara, and Holguin. 2. The organization and establishment of a provisional government for the prov ince. 3. The adoption and enforcement of a system of taxation which, without being too burdensome for population that had been robbed by the Spaniards and im poverished by the war, should, neverthe. less, yield revenue enough to defray the current expenses of the government, and at the same time provide funds for streetcleaning, road-making, sanitary inspection, and such other public works and improvements as were most urgently needed. 4. The reorganization of the courts and the creation of an adequate force of rural and municipal police to protect life and property throughout the province. 5. The reopening of the schools and the adoption of a more general and comprehensive system of free public instruction. As the supreme source of local authority, in military as well as in civil affairs, Copyrighted, 1899, by the Outlook Company. All rights reserved. General Wood had, of course, many other important duties; but it was in these fields, pre-eminently, that he had an opportunity to show what might be done, by good administration, to restore peace, prosperity, and contentment to a wardevastated and almost ruined province. It is my purpose in this article to describe briefly the work that has been done by General Wood and his subordinates at the eastern end of Cuba, and particularly in the districts of Santiago, Guantanamo, and Baracoa, where I had an opportunity to see that work actually in progress, and to study the methods by which it was being accomplished. Owing to the fact that General Wood had gone to Washington before I returned from Baracoa, I had no opportunity to apply to him for information, and consequently my sketch of the government of Santiago may not be as full and accurate as if I had been able to ask him all the questions that I had in mind; but, on the other hand, it will be a more independent survey of the field, perhaps, than it would have been had I obtained all my facts from headquarters and taken my outlook from the point of view of the Commanding General. In an earlier article I tried to give the reader an idea of the sanitary regeneration of the city of Santiago, and of the difficulties with which the work was attended. Precisely the same work was done in Guantanamo, Baracoa, Gibara, and Holguin, under the immediate supervision of General Wood's district commanders, Colonel Ray, Colonel Hood, and Lieutenant-Colonel Wylly. In some of these towns-particularly Guantanamo and Holguin-the difficulties encountered were even greater than in Santiago. In Holguin, for example, Colonel Hood had not only to clean and disinfect one of the worst pest-holes in the province, but to stamp out an epidemic of smallpox which threatened at one time to destroy half the population. ernment. When the starving people throughout the province had been supplied with food, and the cities and towns had been cleaned up and disinfected so as to make them reasonably safe places of habitation, General Wood had time to turn his attention to the organization of a provisional govUnder the Spanish régime the centers of local administration in eastern Cuba, so far at least as civil government was concerned, were the municipalities. The province was divided into as many municipalities as there were towns, and within the administrative jurisdiction of every municipality was not only the town itself, but a certain defined area of circumjacent territory. The municipality of Guantanamo, for example, comprised not only the town of Guantanamo, but the neighboring villages of Caimanera and Jamaica. The municipalities, taken to gether, covered the whole area of the province, and at the head of every one of them was a mayor, with a council, or board of aldermen, appointed, during the autonomist régime of Captain-General Blanco, by the civil governor of the province. In order to give the people self-government, as far as it was compatible with military control, General Wood decided to revive these municipalities, and to use their mayors and councils, under the direction of the American district commanders, as a means of local administration. Inasmuch, however, as he could not rely implicitly upon the men who were then nominally in office, he determined to replace them with a new set, and, in view of the fact that the election of new mayors and councilmen by popular vote might lead to factional quarrels and disorder, he decided to appoint them himself either directly or through his district commanders—and to select them from among the very best Cubans, in point of character and integrity, that could be found in the province. In Santiago he appointed as Mayor Emilio Bacardi, one of the most prominent and respected citizens of the place; in Guantanamo Colonel Ray selected as Mayor General Perez, who had been in command of the insurgent forces in that district; while in Baracoa Lieu tenant-Colonel Wylly put into the Mayor's chair Dr. Hipolito Galano, one of the ablest and most public-spirited physicians in that part of the island. As soon as the municipal councils had been organized, General Wood turned over to them all authority in local affairs, allowing them to appoint their own secretaries, clerks, sanitary inspectors, police, school-teachers, notaries public, jailers, and municipal officers generally, and encouraging them to take independent action, within their respective jurisdictions, upon all matters that affected the public welfare. The only condition attached to the exercise of their authority was the stipulation that every resolution adopted or appointment made by them should be subject to the approval of the American district commander, or, upon appeal, to that of the Commanding General of the province. The next question that came up for consideration was the question whether Santiago should be governed, provisionally, in accordance with Spanish laws and precedents, or whether a new departure should be made by the introduction, so far at least as personal rights and privileges were concerned, of the principles that lie at the basis of the American Constitution. General Wood, with the practical common sense which is one of his distinguishing characteristics, decided that, as the Cubans had rebelled against the oppressive laws and methods of Spain, it would be foolish to give such laws and methods American sanction, further than might be necessary to protect vested rights and interests. Spanish laws relating to titles, contracts, and transfers of real estate might have to be retained; but there was no good reason for retaining legislative enactments and decrees of Spanish Captains-General that unnecessarily restricted personal freedom or the rights of the individual, and that authorized and allowed arrest without warrant, long detention without trial, and imprisonment "incommunicado." On the 20th of October, 1898, therefore, General Wood issued the following order, which has since become widely known in Cuba as "the Santiago Constitution." I quote it in full, partly because it has historical interest and value, and partly for the reason that a different and more conservative attitude toward Spanish laws and customs was taken, at first, by our military authorities in the western provinces of the island: GENERAL ORDER Headquarters Department of Santiago The occupation of the province of Santiago de Cuba by the forces of the United States has resulted, necessarily, in a changed condition of governmental affairs. While it is desirable, as far as practicable, to continue in operation the raunicipal laws of the conquered territory, many of these laws, as well as the mode of execution thereof, in the opinion of the Commanding General, are not compatible with the new order of things. He deems it necessary, therefore, to promulgate the following order for the information and observance of all persons interested in good government, as well as for the guidance of the sworn officers of the law. This declaration shall serve the temporary purpose of a Constitution only so far as the same is a guarantee of personal rights and privileges, although it is not intended to contain the ordinary provisions of an organic law. FIRST. The people have the right to peaceably assemble for their common good and to apply to those in power for redress of grievances by petition or remonstrance. SECOND. All men have a natural and inalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience. No'person can ever be hurt, molested, or restrained in his religious professions, if he does not disturb others in their religious worship, and all Christian churches shall be protected and none oppressed; and no person, on account of his religious opinions, shall be rendered ineligible to any office of honor, trust, or profit. THIRD. The courts of justice shall be open to every person, just remedy given for every injury to person or property, and right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial, or delay. No private property shall be taken for public use without just compensation. FOURTH. In all criminal cases the accused has the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor, and to meet the witnesses against him face to face. FIFTH. The accused cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself, or be deprived of life, liberty, or property except by the laws of the land. SIXTH. No person, after having been once tried and acquitted, can be tried a second time for the same offense; that is to say, shall not be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense. SEVENTH. All persons shall be bailed by sufficient sureties, except in capital offenses, where proof of guilt is evident, or the presumption thereof is great; and the privilege of a writ of habeas corpus cannot be suspended except when the Commanding General deems it advisable to do so. EIGHTH. Excessive bail shall not be re quired, excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. NINTH. The people shall be secure in their business, persons, papers, houses, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures and no writ of search or seizure shall be issued until a probable cause of guilt has first been made out under oath. TENTH. Free communication of thought and opinion is one of the inviolable rights of free men, and every person may freely speak, write, or print on any subject, being responsible for every abuse of that liberty. The municipal laws shall be administered in accordance with the above declaration of rights, subject to such modifications as the Commanding General may make from time to time, in order to have these laws, in his judgment, conform to the beneficent principles of an enlightened civilization. (Signed) LEONARD WOOD, Brigadier-General, U. S. V. After the promulgation of this order by the district commanders, every inhabitant of the province of Santiago knew exactly what his personal rights were under the law, and precisely where he stood with reference to the civil and military authorities. The district commanders then called upon the town councils to prepare censuses of their respective municipalities; to make up budgets showing the amounts of money needed for municipal expenses; to furnish lists of taxable property from which the necessary revenue might be obtained; and to make recommendations with regard to the best and least burdensome method of levying taxes for the support of the provincial government. The municipal councils, although at first a little timid in taking independent action upon important questions, responded as promptly as could be expected to this call, and in a few weeks the machinery of local self-government throughout the province was fairly in operation. In the meantime General Wood had come to a decision with regard to several matters that affected the welfare of the province as a whole, and that were not of such a nature as to render submission of them to the town councils either expedient or possible. Among the most important of these subjects was the disarmament and disbandment of the insurgent troops. After the Spanish forces had left the province and American soldiers had taken their places, there was no good reason for the maintenance of a Cuban army in the field, and General Wood, through his district commanders, proceeded to disarm the |