Egypt; and when he had proceeded on his expe- | thirty-ninth year at the time of her death; she dition against Parthia, he sent for her into Syria, left two sons and a daughter by Antony, whom where she rendered him odious by the cruelties she had married after his divorce from Octavia, and oppressions she urged him to practice. After besides her son by Cæsar, whom Octavianus put his return, he bestowed upon her many provinces, to death as a rival. With her terminated the by which he incurred the displeasure of the Roman family of Ptolemy Lagus, and the monarchy of people. When the civil war broke out between Egypt, which was thenceforth a Roman province. Antony and Octavianus, afterwards Augustus Cæ- Cleopatra was an object of great dread and abhorsar, emperor of Rome, Cleopatra accompanied rence to the Romans, who detested her as the Antony, and added sixty ships to his navy. It cause of Antony's divorce from Octavia, and the was by her persuasion that the deciding battle subsequent civil war. Her ambition was as unwas fought by sea, at Actium. She commanded bounded as her love of pleasure; and her usual her own fleet; but her courage soon failed her, oath was, "So may I give law in the capitol." and before the danger reached her she fled, fol- Her temper was imperious, and she was boundlowed by the whole squadron and the infatuated lessly profuse in her expenditures; nor did she Antony, who, however, was very angry with Cleo- ever hesitate to sacrifice, when it suited her own patra on this occasion, and remained three days interest, all the decorums of her rank and sex. without seeing her. He was at length reconciled But we must remember, also, that she lived in an to her, and, on the approach of Octavianus, they age of crime. She was better than the men her both sent publicly to treat with him; but, at the subtle spirit subdued, for she was true to her same time, Cleopatra gave her ambassadors pri- country. Never was Egypt so rich in wealth, vate instructions for negotiating with him sepa- power and civilization, as under her reign. She rately. Hoping to secure the kingdom of Egypt reconstructed the precious library of her capital; for herself and her children, she promised to put and when the wealth of Rome was at her comit into the hands of Octavianus; and, as a pledge mand, proffered by the dissolute Antony, who for the performance, she delivered up to him the thought her smiles cheaply bought at the price of important city of Pelusium. the Roman empire, Cleopatra remarked,-"The treasures I want are two hundred thousand volumes from Pergamus, for my library of Alexandria."

Near the temple of Isis she had built a tower, which she designed for her sepulchre; and into this was carried all her treasures, as gold, jewels, pearls, ivory, ebony, cinnamon, and other precious woods; it was also filled with torches, faggots, and tow, so that it could be easily set on fire. To this tower she retired after the last defeat of Antony, and on the approach of Octavianus; and when Antony gave himself the mortal stab, he was carried to the foot of the tower, and drawn up into it by Cleopatra and her women, where he expired in her arms.

Octavianus, who feared lest Cleopatra should burn herself and all her treasures, and thus avoid falling into his hands and gracing his triumphal entry into Rome, sent Proculus to employ all his art in obtaining possession of her person; which he managed to do by stealing in at one of the windows. When Cleopatra saw him, she attempted to kill herself; but Proculus prevented her, and took from her every weapon with which she might commit such an act. She then resolved to starve herself; but her children were threatened with death if she persisted in the attempt. When Octavianus came to see her, she attempted to captivate him, but unsuccessfully; she had, however, gained the heart of his friend, Dolabella, who gave her private notice that she was to be carried to Rome within three days, to take a part in the triumph of Octavianus. She had an asp, a small serpent, whose bite is said to induce a kind of lethargy and death without pain, brought to her in a basket of figs; and the guards who were sent to secure her person, found her lying dead on a couch, dressed in her royal robes, with one of her women dead at her feet, and the other expiring. The victor, though greatly disappointed, buried her, with much magnificence, in the tomb with Antony, as she had requested. She was in her

Her children, by Antony, were carried to Rome, to grace the triumph of Octavianus. Octavia, Antony's repudiated wife, took charge of them : and Cleopatra, the daughter, was afterwards married to Juba, king of Mauritania.

CLYTEMNESTRA

WAS the daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, and Leda, and twin-sister of Helen. She bore her husband, Agamemnon, two daughters, Sphigenia and Electra, and one son, Orestes. During the absence of Agamemnon, in his wars against Troy, she became enamoured of Ægisthus, and assisted him to murder Agamemnon on his return. She then, together with Ægisthus, governed Mycene for seven years. Orestes, at length, killed them both.

CORINNA,

A POETESS, to whom the Greeks gave the appellation of the Lyric Muse, was a native of Tanagra, in Boeotia. She flourished in the fifth century B. C., and was a contemporary of Pindar, from whom she five times won the prize in poetical contests. Her fellow-citizens erected a tomb to her in the most frequented part of their city. Only a few fragments of her works are extant. She did justice to the superiority of Pindar's genius, but advised him not to suffer his poetical ornaments to intrude so often, as they smothered the principal subject; comparing it to pouring a vase of flowers all at once on the ground, when their beauty and excellence could only be observed in proportion to their rarity and situation. Her glory seems to have been established by the public memorial of her picture, exhibited in her native city, and

adorned with a symbol of her victory. Pausanias,
who saw it, supposes her to have been one of the
most beautiful women of her age; and observes
that her personal charms probably rendered her
judges partial,-a very masculine idea.

CORINNA, or CRINNA,

Of the Isle of Telos, lived about B. C. 610. She wrote a fine poem in the Doric language, consisting of three hundred verses. Her style is said to have resembled that of Homer. She died at the age of nineteen.

had imbibed the heroic, or ambitious spirit of the age. She is said to have made remarks to her sons which seemed to spur them on more rapidly in their public career. The result was not very fortunate. For though her sons sustained the highest name for purity of character; though they have come down to us, distinguished as the Gracchi, and though they were associated with the popular cause, yet their measures were so revolutionary and violent, that they were both destroyed in popular tumults.

Cornelia survived the death of her sons, which
she bore with great magnanimity. They had been
killed on consecrated ground, and of these places
she said, that "they were monuments worthy of
them." She lived subsequently a life of elegant
and hospitable ease, surrounded by men of letters,
and courted by the great. We cannot have a bet-
ter idea of the close of her life, and of the high
estimation in which she stood, than by the very
words of Plutarch. This writer closes the lives of
the Gracchi with the following account of Cornelia :

"She took up her residence at Misenum, and
made no alteration in her manner of living. As
she had many friends, her table was always open
for the purpose of hospitality. Greek, and other
men of letters she had always with her, and all
the kings in alliance with Rome expressed their
regard by sending her presents, and receiving the
like civilities in return. She made herself very
agreeable to her guests, by acquainting them with
many particulars of her father Africanus, and of
his manner of living. But what they most ad-
mired in her was, that she could speak of her sons
without a sigh or a tear, and recount their actions
and sufferings as if she had been giving an account
of some ancient heroes. Some therefore imagined
that age and the greatness of her misfortunes had
deprived her of her understanding and sensibility.
But those who were of that opinion seem rather
to have wanted understanding themselves; since
they know not how much a noble mind may, by a
liberal education, be enabled to support itself
against distress; and that though, in the pursuit
of rectitude, Fortune may often defeat the pur-
poses of Virtue, yet Virtue, in bearing affliction,
can never lose her prerogative."

CORNELIA,

THE mother of the Gracchi. In this lady every circumstance of birth, life, and character, conspired to give her a glowing and ever-living page in history. Two thousand years have passed away, and yet her name stands out as freshly, as if she had been cotemporaneous with Elizabeth and Mary. She was the daughter of Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. Such descent could hardly have received an addition of glory or distinction. But, such was the life of Cornelia, that even the fame of Scipio received new lustre. She was married to a man, who, though he filled many high Roman offices, yet derived still greater dignity from her virtues. This was Tiberius Gracchus, the grandson of Sempronius, who was eulogized by Cicero for wisdom and virtue: He was thought worthy of Cornelia, and the event proved that one was as remarkable as the other, for what in that age of the world must have been deemed the highest excellencies of the human character. Tiberius died, leaving Cornelia with twelve children. Her character was such, that Ptolemy king of Egypt paid his addresses to her, but was rejected. She devoted herself to the care of her house and children; in which she behaved with the sweetest sobriety, parental affection, and greatness of mind. During her widowhood, she lost all her children except three, one daughter, who was married to Scipio the younger, and two sons, Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Plutarch remarks, that "Cornelia brought them up with so much care, that though they were without dispute of the noblest family, and had the happiest geniuses of any of the Roman youth, yet education was allowed to have contributed more to their perfections than nature." This remark may show in forcible colours the vast influence of mothers in the education of youth. It is certain that there is no natural genius which may not be improved by education, and it is equally certain that no human being can have as much influence on that education as the mother. When a Campanian lady once displayed her jewels before Cornelia, requesting to see hers in return, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, "These are all the jewels of which I can boast."

She also gave public lectures on philosophy in Rome, and was more fortunate in her disciples than her sons. Cicero says of her, that, "Cornelia, had she not been a woman, would have deserved the first place among philosophers." Cornelia, like all the leading women of Rome,

The whole life of Cornelia presents a beautifu
character; and from the facts which have come
down to us we may draw these inferences: 1. Cor-
nelia must have been educated in a very superior
manner by her father. For in no other manner
can we account for her knowledge and love of lite-
rature; nor for the fact, that while yet young she
was regarded as worthy of the most virtuous and
noble men of Rome. 2. She must have been,
from the beginning, a woman of fixed principles and
undaunted courage; for, in no other manner can
we give a solution to her rejection of the king of
Egypt, her unremitting care of her family, the
high education of her sons, and the great influence
she held over them. 3. She must have cultivated
literature and the graces of conversation; for, how
else could she have drawn around the fireside of
a retired widow, the men of letters, and even the
compliments of distant princes?

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DAUGHTER of Priam, king of Troy, and of Hecuba his wife, married Eneas, by whom she had Ascanius. When Troy was taken, B. C. 1184, she fled in the night with her husband; but in the confusion they were separated, and Eneas could not recover her. Some assert that Cybele saved her, and that Creusa became a priestess in her temple. f Lear we going CYNISCA,

DAUGHTER of Agesilaus, king of Sparta, B. C. 400, was celebrated by the Lacedæmonians for excelling in the Olympic games. Her brother, to show his contempt for these exercises, with difficulty persuaded her to enter the lists; for he thought those amusements would not be held in estimation, if a woman could obtain the prize.