department of thought to which Physiological Psychology is an entire stranger.

The figures on page 63 will show what is known of the parts of the cortex in which the various mental activities have so far been localized.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT.

1. Show that the cerebrum is more closely related to intelligence than any other part of the brain.

2. Show that the cortex is more closely related to intelligence than any other part of the cerebrum.

3. What is meant by the "localization of cerebral functions"? 4. State the evidence for it.

5. What is Meynert's postulate?

6. What would follow if it were proved?

SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS.

1. What is meant by the "relating activity of the mind "? 2. Why can not Physiological Psychology explain it?

LESSON VII.

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

But

What is Psychology? The answer usually given is that Psychology is the science of the mind or soul. what is the soul? People who have not thought carefully about it would probably say that, whatever it is, it certainly is not the mind. Animals, they would say, plainly have minds, but no one believes that they have souls.

Do Animals Have Souls ? It may serve to give clearness to our ideas to consider the question whether or not animals have souls. Without doubt, in the confused sense in which the word is used in popular language, the true answer is that they have. If you suppose that animals have no souls, let me ask you if you have one. You will undoubtedly say that you have. Suppose I ask you whether you are always dreaming when you are asleep. You will probably answer that you are not. And when you say that you are not dreaming, what do you mean?

"I mean," I imagine you saying, "that there are no thoughts or feelings in my mind."

"And when there are no thoughts and feelings in your mind, does your soul continue to exist?”

"I do not understand you."

"You say that you do not think you are always dream

ing when you are asleep; and when you say that you are not dreaming, you say that you mean that you have no thoughts or feelings in your mind. So far as thoughts and feelings go, I understand you to say that you are exactly like a dead man. A dead man has no thoughts and feelings, neither have you when you are not dreaming. Now, when you have no thoughts and feelings in your mind, does your soul continue to exist?"

"I certainly believe it does, as I have no reason to believe that it ceases to exist when I fall asleep and begins to exist as soon as I awake, as must be the case if it ceases to exist when I have no thoughts and feelings."

"Then you do not mean by soul the thoughts and feelings of which you are conscious, or a part of those thoughts and feelings?"

'Again I do not understand you."

"You say that your soul does not cease to exist when you have no thoughts or feelings; now, if it does not, your soul can not be your thoughts and feelings, can it?"

"Why not?"

"Because if it were, when you have no thoughts and feelings, you would have no soul, would you?”

"I see that I would not."

"And it can not be a part of your thoughts and feelings?"

'No, for if it were any part of them when I had none of any kind, I would have no soul."

"You mean by soul, then, not thoughts and feelings, but the thing that has thoughts and feelings?"

66

Again I am obliged to say that I do not understand you."

"A German professor is said to have begun a first

THE SOUL ONE OF THREE THINGS.

67

lesson on Psychology in this way: Students, think about the wall.' After a moment's pause: Now think about the thing that thinks about the wall. The thing that thinks about the wall is what is to be the subject of your study.' That is what you mean by soul, is it not — the thing which thinks and feels, the thing which has thoughts and feelings?"

"It is."

"And what do you mean by mind?”

"I mean that which thinks and feels, or that which has thoughts and feelings."

"But things which are identical with the same thing are identical with each other, are they not?"

“And if the soul is that which thinks and feels, and the mind is that which thinks and feels, they must be the same, must they not?"

"I see that they must."

"If then you say that dogs, for instance, have minds, refuse to admit that they have souls?" "I am obliged to confess that I can not."

can you

The Soul One of Three Things. — In this imaginary dialogue you may say that in the nature of the case I can prove what I wish to prove, since I can put any words in your mouth I please. But if you will carefully consider it, you will see that you are obliged to say that the soul is one of three things: It is either all of our thoughts and feelings, or a part of them, or the thing which has thoughts and feelings the thing which thinks and feels and wills. If you say that the soul is all or a part of our thoughts and feelings-mental facts, in a word then, instead of

saying that Psychology is the science of the soul, it would be much plainer to say that Psychology is the science of mental facts. But if you say that the soul is that which thinks and feels and wills, then, as we have seen, there is no difference between soul and mind, and we are left with the definition, Psychology is the science of the mind.

Meaning of Mind. But what do you mean by mind? What we have seen in the case of the soul - that it consists of thoughts, feelings, and acts of the will, or that which thinks, feels, and wills—is plainly true of the mind also. It must either be that which thinks, feels, and wills, or it must be the thoughts, feelings, and acts of will of which we are conscious — mental facts, in one word. But what do we know about that which thinks, feels, and wills, and what can we find out about it? Where is it? You will probably say, in the brain. But if you are speaking literally, if you say that it is in the brain, as a pencil is in the pocket, then you must mean that it takes up room, that it occupies space, and that would make it very much like a material thing. In truth, the more carefully you consider it, the more plainly you will see what thinking men have known for a long time. that we do not know and can not learn anything about the thing which thinks and feels and wills. It is beyond the range of human knowledge. The books which define Psychology as the science of mind have not a word to say about that which thinks and feels and wills. They are entirely taken up with these thoughts and feelings and acts of the will mental facts, in a word—trying to tell us what they are, and to arrange them in classes, and tell us the circumstances or conditions under which they exist.