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Canterbury. The king was then just going to Newmarket, and put them all off till his return. Upon which, when he came to hear them propose the person on whose behalf they spoke, it appeared that they all concurred in Dr. Tillotson. The great persons that besought the king were, the Archbishop of Canterbury that then was,-Dr. Sheldon, the Duke of Buckingham, and the Lord Berkley; which when the king understood, and that they did it not by any mutual correspondence, but each one out of their own particular respect to the doctor, he was very well pleased, and so preferred him very readily."*

This anecdote shews curiously how matters of church preferment were then regarded. The concurrence of Archbishop Sheldon, the Duke of Buckingham, and Lord Berkley, in their recommendation to a vacant office in the church, singular enough in itself, considering the character of the several parties, and how they stood to each other, is the more remarkable still, when we remember that it was at this particular time, at the height of the "fermentation" between the court and the church, when the Declaration for toleration had just been published, and the bishops had "charged the clergy to preach against popery," and thereby alarmed the court;" and "the king" had "complained to Sheldon of this preaching on controversy, as done on purpose to inflame the people, and to alienate them from him and his government;" and, "upon this, Sheldon called some of the clergy together, to consider what answer he should make the king, if he pressed him any further on that head," it was Tillotson who on that occasion, we are told, "suggested the answer-that since the king himself professed the protestant religion, it would be a thing without a precedent that he should forbid his clergy to preach in defence of a religion which they believed, while he himself said he was of it."† "The king," says Burnet, "never renewed the motion:" while Tillotson, we find, "set himself most professedly against popery, and all the main limbs of it: "so that he scarcely ever preached a sermon without some very home-blow against it, or some doctrine or practice of that church; so that he was both hated, and yet feared, by those of that way;" especially that noted sermon of his, preached at Whitehall, in the beginning of the year 1672,§ about the difficulty of salvation in the Roman church, on 1 Cor. iii. 15, which, they say, so nettled the Duke of York, who to that time had concealed himself, being a papist, but in masquerade, and frequented the king's chapel, that afterwards he forsook it, and never more appeared there. "It is observable," says Beardmore, "that this was about that time when King Charles put forth his Declaration of indulgence, which he recalled upon the parliament's address to him against it; and soon

Ibid. pp. 393, 4.

↑ Burnet's Own Time, vol. i. pp. 344, 5. (ed. 1818) anno 1672. Birch's Life, Appendix I. pp. 392, 3.

It was not till the October of that year that he was made dean of Canterbury, Dr. Turner dying on the 8th of that month. See Life by Birch, p. 39, and Appendix, p. 393, note.

after, in the same session of parliament, or the next after, was passed the first test-act.'

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It will be seen, in the extracts that follow, how this Declaration broke up "the Cabal." The history of the former attempts in favour of popery, under the garb of toleration, has been already traced. Each of these attempts is curiously connected with the arcana of the disposal of church preferment. The Declaration" in hand in 1662 was the "under work" of Gauden, whose appointment Sheldon significantly reproached the king with, when he called him a bishop of his (the king's) own making; and the scheme of comprehension proposed in 1668 was concocted with Bridgman by Wilkins, whom the king had at last, notwithstanding the opposition of Archbishop Sheldon and other great men of the church, been induced to advance to a bishopric." Both these former attempts had been defeated by the House of Commons; it now upset "the Cabal."

[K. CHARLES II. ARCHBISHOP SHELDON continued.]

"Anno 1673.

Nov. 16. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of Bangor, in the Bishop of London's chapel, at London House, by commission from the archbishop.t.

....

"Humphrey Lloyd, .... the third son of Richard Lloyd, D.D., and vicar of Ruabon in Denbighshire, . . . . was born at Bod-y-Fudden, . . . . in July or August, 1610, became a commoner of Oriel college for a time, afterwards of Jesus, where he was scholar, and thence again to Oriel college, of which he became fellow in 1631, and a great tutor for many years. When the king

and court were settled in Oxon, he became known to Dr. John Williams, Archbishop of York, then there; who made him his chaplain, and gave him the prebendship of Ampleford in the church of York, which he kept to his death. After the decease of his father, which was in the time of the troubles, he succeeded him in the vicarage of Ruabon, but was soon deprived of it and his prebendship by the usurpers, till restored again to both by the happy Revolution in 1660. On the 13th of August, 1661, he was made canon of St. Asaph, and, in the month following, was actually created D.D. On the 14th of Dec., 1663, he was installed dean of St. Asaph, in the place of Dr. David Lloyd deceased..... In 1673 he was removed from Ruabon to the vicarage of Gresford, vacant by the death of his elder brother Mr. Samuel Lloyd; and, soon after, succeeding Dr. Robert Morgan in the see of Bangor, was consecrated thereunto in the chapel of London House on Sunday, the 16th of Nov., 1673, by Dr. Henchman, Bishop of London, Dr. Morley, of Winchester, Dr. Ward, of Salisbury, Dr. Dolben, of Rochester, &c., at which time Dr. William Lloyd, who was afterwards successively Bishop of Llandaff, Peterborough, and Norwich, preached the consecration sermon...... In 1685 he procured the archdeaconries of Bangor and Anglesea, and the sinecure of Llanrhaider in Kinmerch, to be annexed to the bishopric of Bangor by act of parliament for ever, and two thirds of both the comportions of Llanddinam to the church, for the support of the fabric and the maintenance of the choir of Bangor, and the other third for the maintenance of the vicarages belonging to Llanddinam. He ordered the four bells formerly bestowed by Bishop Henry Rowlands on the church of Bangor to be all new cast, and added a fifth, bigger than the former, all at his own charge. He died on Friday the 18th of Jan., in sixteen hundred eighty and eight, and was buried in the grave of Bishop Rowlands, on the north side of the altar, in the cathedral church of Bangor."

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* Ibid. p. 392. Le Neve's Archbishops of Canterbury, p. 188. + Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, vol. ii. p. 1172. [ed. fol.] The inscription on the monument," the annalist proceeds, "which, I presume, is by this time [1690] put

"But now I go to open a scene of another nature. The court was now [1671] going into other measures : .. at their last sitting, in the beginning of the year 1670, it appeared that the House of Commons were out of countenance for having given so much money, and seemed resolved to give no more..... When the court saw how little reason they had to expect further supplies, the Duke of Buckingham told the king, that now the time was come in which he might both revenge the attempt on Chatham, and shake off the uneasy restraint of a House of Commons: and he got leave from the king to send over Sir Ellis Leightoun* to the court of France, to offer the project of a new alliance and a new war:.... but, in the first proposition made by us, the subduing of England, and the toleration of popery here, was offered as that with which the design must be begun. France, seeing England so inclined, resolved to push the matter further.

"The king's sister, the Duchess of Orleans, was thought the wittiest woman in France: the King of France. ... ordered her to propose an interview with her brother at Dover. The king went thither, and was so charmed with his sister, that everything she proposed, and every favour she asked, was granted; the king could deny her nothing. She proposed an alliance, in order to the conquest of Holland; . . . . and upon their success in that, all the rest would be an easy work..... Madame. . . . prevailed to have her scheme settled, and so went back to France."+

...

"Upon Madame's death, as the Marshal Bellefonds came from France with the compliment to the court of England, so the Duke of Buckingham was sent thither to return the compliment, but really to finish the treaty. The king of France used him in so particular a manner, knowing his vanity, and caressed him to such a degree, that he went without reserve into the interests of France.”‡ "Our court, having resolved on a war, did now look out for money to carry it on. The king had been running into a great debt ever since his restoration..... The king, in order to the keeping his credit, had dealt with some bankers, and had assigned over the revenue to them. They drove a great trade, and had made great advantage by it..... The king had in some proclamations given his faith, that he would continue to make good all his assignments, till the whole debt should be paid, which was now growing up to almost a million and a half. So one of the ways proposed for supplying the king with money was, that he should stop these payments for a year.......... The Earl of Shaftsbury was the chief man in this advice..... The bankers were broke; and great multitudes who had trusted their money in their hands were ruined by this dishonourable and perfidious action. But this gave the king only his own revenue again; so other ways were to be found for an increase of treasure."§

"To crown all, a declaration was ordered to be set out, suspending the execution of all penal laws, both against papists and nonconformists. . . . Lord Keeper Bridgman had lost all credit at court: so they were seeking an occasion to be rid of him. . . . . . He refused to put the seal to the declaration, as 'udging it contrary to law; so he was dismissed, and the Earl of Shaftsbury was made Lord Chancellor; Lord Clifford was made lord treasurer; Lord Arlington and Lord Lauderdale had both of them the garter; and as Arlington was made an earl, Lauderdale was made a duke; and this junto, together with

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over his grave, runs thus: M. S. Humphredi Lloyd, S. T. P., Episcopi Bangor. qui, e familia Lloydorum de Dulasseu oriundus, in agro Merviniensi natus, et in Academia Oxoniensi educatus, postquam causæ regiæ sub Carolo Martyre strenuus assertor et confessor extitisset, sub Carolo Secundo primo decanatu Asaphensi, dein episcopatu Bangorensi insignitus, huic ecclesiæ per tria annorum lustra præfuit et benefecit. Obiit xv Kal. Feb. MDCLXXXVIII. ætatis suæ LXXVIII.

*[A papist, comp. sup. vol. xiv. p. 13.]

+ Burnet's Own Times, vol. i. pp. 335-337. (ed. 1818.) § Ibid. p. 342.

Ibid. p. 339.

the Duke of Buckingham, being called the cabal, it was observed, that cabal proved a technical word, every letter in it being the first letter of those fiveClifford, Ashly, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. They had all of them great presents from France, besides what was openly given them..... Thus was the nation, and our religion, as well as the king's faith and honour, set to sale, and sold."*.

"The world was now in a general combustion, set on by the ambition of the court of France, and supported by the feebleness and treachery of the court of England."+

"Hitherto the reign of King Charles was pretty serene and calm at home: a nation, weary of a long civil war, was not easily brought into jealousies and fears, which were the seeds of distraction, and might end in new confusions and troubles. But the court had now given such broad intimations of an ill design, both on our religion and the civil constitution, that it was no more a jealousy all was now open and barefaced.... The king. . . . reckoned, now he had set the church party at such a distance from the dissenters, that it was impossible to make them join in opposition to his designs. He hoped the church party would be always submissive; and he had the dissenters at mercy.

:

"The proceedings of the former year had opened all men's eyes; the king's own religion was suspected, as his brother's was declared; and the whole conduct shewed a design to govern by a French model. . . . .

"The ministry was all broke to pieces. The Duke of Buckingham was alone, hated by all, as he hated all the rest. But he went so entirely into their ill designs, that the king considered him, and loved or feared him so much, that he had a deep root with him. Lord Clifford stuck firm to the duke, and was heated with the design of bringing in popery, even to enthusiasm. It was believed, if the design had succeeded, he had agreed with his wife to take orders, and to aspire to a cardinal's hat. He grew violent, and could scarce speak with patience of the church of England, and of the clergy. The Earl of Arlington thought that the design was now lost, and that it was necessary for the king to make up with his people in the best manner he could. The Earl of Shaftsbury was resolved to save himself on any terms.

"The money was exhausted: so it was necessary to have a session of parliament; and one was called in the beginning of the year. At the opening it, the king excused the issuing out the writs, as done to save time, and to have a full house at the first opening; but he left that matter wholly to them: he spoke of the declaration for liberty of conscience in another style: he said, he had seen the good effects of it, and that he would stick to it, and maintain it; he said, he was engaged in a war for the honour of the nation, and therefore he demanded the supplies that were necessary to carry it on. On these heads Lord Shaftsbury enlarged: yet, while he made a base compliance in favour of the court and of the war, he was in a secret management with another party.

.....

"The house of commons was upon this all in a flame: they saw popery and slavery lay at the bottom; yet, that they might not grasp at too much at once, they resolved effectually to break the whole design of popery. They argued the matter of the declaration, whether it was according to law or not. The house came quickly to a very unamimous resolution, that the declaration was against law; .... and the court seemed willing that the storm should break on Lord Shaftsbury, and would have gladly compounded the matter by making him the sacrifice. He saw into that, and so was resolved to change sides with the first opportunity.

"The house was not content with this; but they brought in a bill disabling all papists from holding any employment or place at court... "The court was now in great perplexity,.... [and] tried what could be

*Ibid. pp. 343, 4.

....

+ Ibid. p. 382.

done in the house of lords. Lord Clifford resolved to assert the declaration with all the force and all the arguments he could bring for it....... When he had done, the Earl of Shaftsbury, to the amazement of the whole house, said, he must differ from the lord that had spoken last toto cœlo. He said, . . . now that such a house of commons, so loyal and affectionate to the king, were of another mind, he submitted his reasons to theirs. . . . . . The king was all in a fury to be thus forsaken by his chancellor.....

"This matter took soon after that a quick turn: it had been much debated in the cabinet what the king should do. Lord Clifford and Duke Lauderdale were for the king's standing his ground. Sir Ellis Leightoun assured me, that the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Berkeley offered to the king, if he would bring the army to town, that they would take out of both houses the members that made the opposition...... Duke Lauderdale talked of bringing an army out of Scotland, and seizing on Newcastle. .. .. . Lord Clifford said to the king, his people did now see through all his designs, and therefore he must resolve to make himself master at once, or be for ever subject to much jealousy and contempt. The Earls of Shaftsbury and Arlington proposed the king on the other hand to give the parliament full content; and they undertook to procure him money for carrying on the war; and, if he was successful in that, he might easily recover what he must in this extremity part with. This suited the king's own temper; yet the duke held him in suspense....

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In the afternoon of the day on which the matter had been argued in the house of lords, the Earls of Shaftsbury and Arlington got all those members of the house of commons on whom they had any influence, (and who had money from the king, and were his spies, but had leave to vote with the party against the court, for procuring them the more credit,) to go privately to him, and to tell him that, upon Lord Clifford's speech, the house was in such fury, that probably they would have gone to some high votes and impeachments; but the Lord Shaftsbury speaking on the other side restrained them: they believed he spoke the king's sense, as the other did the duke's. This calmed them. So they made the king apprehend, that the lord chancellor's speech, with which he had been so much offended, was really a great service done him; and they persuaded him further, that he might now save himself, and obtain an indemnity for his ministers, if he would part with the declaration, and pass the bill. This was so dexterously managed by Lord Arlington, who got a great number of the members to go one after another to the king, who by concert spoke all the same language, that before night the king was quite changed, and said to his brother, that Lord Clifford had undone himself, and had spoiled their business by his mad speech; and that, though Lord Shaftsbury had spoken like a rogue, yet that had stopt a fury which the indiscretion of the other had kindled to such a degree that he could serve him no longer. He gave him leave to let him know all this. The duke was struck with this, and imputed it wholly to Lord Arlington's management. In the evening he told Lord Clifford what the king had said. The Lord Clifford, who was naturally a vehement man, went upon that to the king, who scarce knew how to look him in the face. Lord Clifford said, he knew how many enemies he must needs make to himself by his speech in the house of lords; but he hoped that in it he both served and pleased the king, and was therefore the less concerned in everything else: but he was surprised to find by the duke, that the king was now of another mind. The king was in some confusion: he owned, that all he had said was right in itself; but he said, that he, who sat long in the house of commons, should have considered better what they could bear, and what the necessity of affairs required. Lord Clifford, in his first heat, was inclined to have laid down his white staff, and to have expostulated roundly with the king; but a cooler thought stopped him. He reckoned he must now retire, and therefore he had a mind to take some care of his family in the way of doing it; so he restrained himself, and said, he was sorry that his best meant services were so ill under

stood.

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