This is equivalent to, if they are regarded, etc.

Brief expressions of dependence and correlation do not need a comma. E. g.:

You may go when you please.

He is almost as tall as his father.

A clause beginning with the conjunction that, or with the to-infinitive, is not usually introduced by a comma. E. g.:

He went abroad that he might have better opportunities of study. I find that Darwin's Origin of Species is an interesting but difficult book.

He went abroad to study.

But the comma is used when the that-clause or the toinfinitive is separated from the antecedent expression on which it depends. E. g.:

He visited all the provinces of the empire, that he might see for himself the condition of the people.

In order that, in order to, are still usually introduced by a

He went abroad, in order that he might recover his health.

There is a disposition, however, to punctuate in order that and in order to like the simple that and the simple toinfinitive. E. g.:

Shakespeare makes a plot more complex in order to make it more simple.-MOULTON: Shakespeare, p. 74.

That is, the comma is used only when the dependence is seriously interrupted. E. g.:

Shylock's conduct was intelligible only on the supposition that he was keeping up to the last moment the appearance of insisting on his strange terms, in order that before the eyes of the whole city he might exhibit his enemy at his mercy, etc.—MOULTON: Shakespeare, p. 65.

DASH.

135. The proper use of the Dash is to mark a change or an interruption (and transposition) of the sentence-structure. E. .g.:

Was there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band? Was there ever-but I scorn to boast.

The four greatest names in English poetry are among the first we come to Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton.

In the first of the above the structure is entirely changed; is, in fact, left incomplete. In the second it is interrupted and transposed; Chaucer, etc. would normally follow poetry.

The Dash is also used to mark a rhetorical summing-up, either with or without contrast. E. g.:

He was witty, learned, industrious, plausible,—everything but honest. You have given the command to a person of illustrious birth, of ancient family, of many virtues, but-of no experience.

The great men of Rome, her beautiful legends, her history, the height to which she rose, the depth to which she fell,—these make up one half of our student's ideal world.

Sometimes the Dash is used to detach a clause and give it rhetorical prominence. E. g.:

To Anderson-a young man of vivid fancy-everything in Italy was a delight.

When we look up to the first rank of genius-to Socrates and Plato, to Bacon and Leibnitz and Newton-we find they are men who bow before the infinite sanctities which their souls discern.

All these uses of the Dash are sanctioned by the common practice of writers and printers. But there is a further use, to which the sober-minded object, as liable to dangerous abuse; namely, the dash as a universal sign of humor, wit, sarcasm, of every feeling, in short, which is not quite strong enough to require the sign of exclamation. In the hands of certain writers, notably Dickens and Carlyle, the dash thus becomes a sign of elocution (see § 138). E. g.:

He had no malice in his mind

No ruffles on his shirt.

The good woman was allowed by everybody, except her husband, to be a sweet-tempered lady-when not in liquor.

My part in them has much matter for regret-for deep regret, and deep contrition, you well know.-DICKENS.

Whom I so respect and honour-whom I so devotedly love.— DICKENS.

A perennial thing, this same popular delusion; and will-alter the character of the language.—CARlyle.

Mankind sail their life-voyage in huge fleets, following some single whale-fishing or herring-fishing commodore; keep no reckoning, only keep in sight of the flagship-and fish.-CARLYLE.

What may be tolerated in Dickens or Carlyle, soon becomes, in writers of less experience, intolerable. The teacher should do his utmost to check the abuse, by calling upon his scholars to account for every dash employed. If they are unable to give some cogent reason, he should require them to change the punctuation. Too much strictness in this direction is safer than too little.

A purely technical use of the dash is to mark the omission of a word, part of a word, figures, etc. E. g.:

We reached the town of

where we found a good inn.

The town of D- is not far off.

Matt. ix. 1-6 (i. e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

PARENTHESIS—BRACKET.

136. Sometimes the Parenthesis is called the Round Bracket; then the Bracket proper is called the Square Bracket.

The Parenthesis is used to enclose words or clauses .which, although they are an expression of the writer's thought, do not form a part of the grammatical structure of the sentence

E. g.:

The Egyptian style of architecture (see Dr. Pocock's work) was apparently the mother of the Greek.

The writer gives us to understand that his opinion is based upon Pocock's work. He might have thrown the reference into a foot-note.

Pride, in some disguise or other (often a secret to the proud man himself), is the most ordinary spring of human action.

At the present day the disposition is to restrict the parenthesis to cases like the above, in which the parenthetical thought is obviously detached from the grammatical structure of the main sentence. But formerly the parenthesis was used for clauses which are now marked by commas or by dashes. E. g. :

The wonders of this man's life exceed all that (he thinks) is to be found extant.—DE FOE: Robinson Crusoe (Preface).

If, sir, we incline to the side of conciliation, we are not at all embarrassed (unless we please to make ourselves so) by any incongruous mixture of coercion and restraint.—BURKE: Conciliation, p. 162.

But all who read (and most do read) endeavour to obtain some smattering in that science.-BURKE: Conciliation, p. 182.

The Bracket (Square Bracket) marks the insertion of matter which is not the expression of the writer himself, but is supplied by some one else, critic or editor. E. g.: I am now as well as when you was [were] here.

This means that the original writer wrote was, which the person editing or quoting would correct to were.*

In printing texts which are imperfect or illegible in the original, the editor may insert in brackets words or letters which, in his opinion, stood, or should have stood, in the original. Such bracketed insertions are called conjectural restorations or emendations. E. g. :

And all his lands and goods [be] confiscate.-3 Henry VI., iv. 6, 55. The [be] is a conjectural restoration made by Malone. The practice of newspapers is to use the parenthesis for matter not in the text. E. g. :

My lords, I am amazed at his lordship's declaration (hear, hear). The (hear, hear) are not uttered by the speaker, but by his hearers.

After the lucid explanation by the last speaker (Mr. Brown), I feel that I can add very little.

*You was occurs frequently in eighteenth-century English authors, where you refers to an antecedent in the singular.

T*

Here (Mr. Brown) is inserted by the reporter to inform the reader who is meant by speaker.

In such cases the bracket would be more consistent. It has been used in the present book. See [the lieutenantgovernor], Hawthorne, § 8.

QUOTATION.

137. There are two ways of quoting a statement made by another person: the direct, and the indirect.

In Direct Quotation we give, not only the thought, but the very words. And we enclose the words in " ". E. g.: Burke, in his speech on Conciliation with America, p. 177, said: "First, sir, permit me to observe that the use of force alone is but temporary. It may subdue for a moment; but it does not remove the necessity of subduing: and a nation is not governed, which is perpetually to be conquered."

A quotation within a quotation is enclosed in "'. E. g.: Burke, in his speech on Conciliation, p. 212, said: "This competence in the Colony Assemblies is certain. It is proved by the whole tenour of their Acts of Supply, in which the constant style of granting is ‘an aid to his Majesty;' and Acts granting to the Crown have regularly for near a century passed the public offices without dispute."

The phrase an aid to his Majesty is quoted by Burke from the acts in question.

Occasionally a quotation, if it be short and from a wellknown text, is not marked with "", but italicized. E. g.:

This point is the great Serbonian bog, Betwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old, Where armies whole have sunk. I do not intend to be overwhelmed in that bog, though in such respectable company.-BURKE: Conciliation, p. 196.

Burke is quoting from Paradise Lost, ii. 592, and not with perfect accuracy. Milton's text reads: that Serbonian bog.

If a direct quotation is given in an independent paragraph, printed in different type, it is usually not enclosed ". Thus, in the present book, the illustrative extracts

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