you proceed in your business with circumspection, examine all things around you with prudence, and never suffer the artifices of the deceiver to entrap you unawares. Such keen examination will guard you from difficulties, and if in the course of nature, you should be, in spite of all this, beset by them, nothing will more effectually enable you to extricate yourselves.

CHILDREN of the tenth tribe!

The TORTOISE, who supports on his back the world we inhabit, offers a world of instruction to you. Was it not for his benevolence in keeping afloat on the immense ocean in which he swims, this land we inhabit would soon go to the bottom. And the displeasure he feels when men lead lives of idleness and vice, when they quarrel and injure their neighbours, or neglect their families, has induced him more than once to dip a part of his shell under the waters, and drown a set of wretches no longer fit to live. In other cases, where he wished rather to terrify than to extirpate, the angry movements of his body have caused distressful earthquakes, which have made our vallies to tremble, and have rocked our mountains from their foundations. Let the winds blow from what quarter they list, let the storm and the tempest howl, he withdraws from their fury, and wraps himself up securely in his impenetrable coat. His moderation, for he possesses none of that feverish fretfulness, which shortens life, secures to him great length of days. His temperance, for he does not waste his vital energy in frolicks and carousing, gives him an animation so quick and inherent in every joint and member, that it is difficult to kill him. If then you wish to attain to long life, and possess sensibility and comfort while it lasts, imitate the virtues of the tortoise, for so shall you be protected with armour less vulnerable than his shell, or your our own shields of bark and hides, and arrive to good old age without danger of earthquakes or inundations.

CHILDREN of the eleventh tribe!

I recominend to your attention the wholesome counsel derived to man from the EEL. He was never known to make a noise or disturbance in the world, nor speak an ungentle sentence to any living creature. Slander never proceeded from his mouth, nor does guile rest under his tongue. He forms his plans in silence, carries them into effect without tumult, and glides and slips along through life in a most easy and gentle course. Are you desirous, my children, of modest stillness and quiet? Do you wish for the unenvied condition of retirement and humility? Would you like to live peaceably among men in the uninterrupted pursuit of your business, without attracting the broad stare of the surrounding crowd? If such are your desires, learn a lesson of wisdom from the Eel; who although he knows neither his birth nor parentage, but is cast an orphan upon creation, yet shows by his strength and his numbers, the excellence of the mode of life he has chosen.

CHILDREN of the twelfth tribe!

I shall point out for your improvement some excellent traits of character in the BEAR. He is distinguished for his patient endurance of those inconveniences which he finds it impossible to ward off. When frost and snow, with all their chilling horrors, surround him in winter, he learns to live with a

smaller degree of heat than he did before; and by aid of his furry-skin protects himself as well as he can from the rigor of the season. When from these causes his supplies of nourishment are cut off, and little or nothing is to be obtained to satisfy the cravings of hunger, he endures with resolution the calamities which await him, until the foodful season shall arrive. Thus, when scarcity threatens your

country with famine-when diseases among the beasts strew your hunting grounds with carcases— when insects destroy the stalks of your beans, and worms corrode the roots of your corn-when the streams refuse their accustomed supplies of fishwhen hurricanes and hail lay waste your plantations -or when the clouds withhold their stores of rainwhat is to be done? Why certainly, when every effort has been tried in vain, and discouraged and spiritless you lay you down, lay not yourselves down to die; but bear with patience and resignation whatever necessity imposes upon you, make the allowance of your meal correspond to your stock of provision; and if you have but little, contrive with all your skill to make that little do. Show yourselves men, for it is adversity that gives scope to great talents, by enabling you to endure with fortitude what your best directed efforts have failed to sur

mount.

CHILDREN of the thirteenth tribe!

I call your attention to the order and economy of the BEE You observe among these creatures a discipline not surpassed by anything the woods afford. The community is like yourselves, divided into tribes, and each has its allotted employment. Hours of labor, of refreshment, and of rest are assigned, and each member is obedient to the sunmons of duty. Idlers, vagrants, and embezzlers of the public property have no toleration there; and it seems to be a pretty well established maxim, with but few exceptions, among them, that he who works not shall have nothing to eat. Regularity and method pervades every department of a government, whose unwearied inhabitants in their flights to distant places, possess the singular secret of extracting honey from nauseous and fetid blossoms, and of collecting, without injury to any one, the whole sweets of the surrounding country, in their own inimitable commonwealth.

Borrow from the Bees an idea of arrangement in business; of the importance of system to make matters go on aright, of the advantage accruing from an accurate division and distribution of labor; of the equity causing every one to contribute his share to the support of the general weal, or be precluded from participating its benefits and blessings. And above all, derive from their instructive example, that alchemy of mind, which by an operation somewhat analogous to the production of nectar from venom, converts private failings into public advan tages, and makes even crimes and vices ultimately conducive to good.

BROWN UNIVERSITY.

THE College of Rhode Island had its origin in the conception and personal exertions of the Rev. James Manning, a clergyman of the Baptist faith, a native of New Jersey, and graduate of Princeton, who visited Newport in 1763, for the purpose of securing to his brethren the influence of the Baptists, then in the government, for the establishment of a learned institution in the interests of their denomination. A meeting of friends of the undertaking assembled at the house of Colonel Gardiner, the Deputy Governor; a plan was proposed, and the work set in pro

gress.

A charter was obtained from the General Assembly, in 1764, for the college or university, in the English colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England, in America, with a provision that the Trustees and Fellows should at any time after be at liberty to give it a more particular name, "in honor of the

greatest and most distinguished benefactor." It bore the title of the College of Rhode Island till 1804, when it became designated Brown University. The provisions of the charter gave a predominance to the Baptist interest in the number of trustees, and the president is to be of that denomination, with an unrestricted choice for the remaining officers; but other religious interest of Quakers, Congregationalists, and Episcopalians -are represented in a minority of the trustees: and it was further specially enacted "that into this liberal and Catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but, on the contrary, all the members shall for ever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of escience." In 1765, Manning was chosen the first president, and instructed a few pupils at his residence at Warren, where the first Commencement was held in 1769. A local contest for the seat of the college was terminated the next year by the selection of Providence. The work of instruction went on with regularity till the Revolution, when a gap occurs in the catalogue of Commencements from 1777 to 1782. The college was occupied at this time by the State militia, and as a French hospital for the troops of Rochambeau. In 1786, the president was elected to Congress, where he gave his influence to the establishment of the Constitution, still retaining his college office. His death occurred in 1791, in his fiftythird year. His personal character, says Allen, was "of a kind and benevolent disposition, social and communicative, fitted rather for active life than for retirement. Though he possessed good abilities, he was prevented from intense study by the peculiarity of his constitution. With a dignified and majestic appearance, his address was manly, familiar, and engaging."*

In 1792 he was succeeded in the presidency by the Rev. Jonathan Maxey, who, the year before, upon the death of Manning, had been chosen Professor of Divinity. He was a native of Attleborough, Mass., born in 1768, and is memorable in the annals of American education for having been president of three colleges, succeeding Edwards at Union, when he left the Rhode Island institution in 1802, and becoming the first president of the college of South Carolina, at Columbia, where he died in 1820. He must have possessed peculiar qualifications for the office. Judge Pitman, a graduate of the college in the year 1799, during his administration, in an Alumni Address,† speaks of him as "a man of great dignity and grace in his manner and deportment, with a countenance full of intellectual beauty," and recalls his "musical voice, graceful action, and harmonious periods," accomplishments never thrown away on a position of this kind.

The Rev. Asa Messer occupied the presidency for twenty-four years-from 1802 till 1826. He was a graduate of the college, and had been long employed in its service as Tutor and Professor of the Languages and Mathematics. He survived

his final retirement from the college ten years, when he died at the age of sixty-seven. The

Allen's Biog. Dict., Art. Jas. Manning.

+ Address to the Alumni Association of Brown University, delivered in Providence on their first anniversary, Sept. 5, 1843, by John Pitman.

Nicholas Brown, from whom the institution then took its present name. This gentleman, descended from a pious ancestor, who came with Roger Williams, was born in Providence, April 4, 1769. He was a graduate of the college under President Manning. He became a member of the Corporation in 1791, and was punctilious in attention to its interests. His mercantile life, in the partnership of Brown and Ives, brought him great wealth. In 1804, having previously given a law library, he founded a Professorship of Oratory and Belles Lettres by a gift of five thousand dollars. In 1823, he erected, at his sole expense, a second college building, which was called after the Christian name of his sister, Hope College. He presented the college with astronomical apparatus. By his liberality, in 1837, that excellent and well furnished library institution, the Providence Athenæum, was placed on its present footing of usefulness to that community.

For the library of the university and the erection of Manning Hall, the building in which it is now advantageously placed, situated between University Hall and Hope College, Mr. Brown gave the sum of nearly thirty thousand dollars. He also gave the land for a third college building, and for the president's house. His donations by will, and altogether, amounted to at least one hundred thousand dollars. This worthy benefactor, who richly earned the honor of the college name, died at Providence in the seventy-third year of his age, Sept. 27, 1841.*

Dr. Wayland succeeded Messer in the presidency in 1827. His administration has been distinguished by an important reform in the distribution of the college studies, which he has advocated in several publications with ability.

Francis Wayland was born in 1796, in the city. of New York, of English parentage. In 1811 he entered the Junior Class of Union College, and received his degree in course. He then pursued

A Discourse in Commemoration of the Life and Character of the Hon. Nicholas Brown, delivered in the Chapel of Brown University, Nov. 8, 1841, by Francis Wayland, President.

the study of medicine for three years, and was licensed as a practitioner. His views, however, led him to the ministry, and in 1816 he entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, where he passed a year under the instruction of the late Professor Stuart, with whom he formed a lasting friendship. Narrow means led Wayland to accept a tutorship in Union College, a position which then involved a much larger share of labor and responsibility than at present, its duties being extended to nearly every department of study. He was tutor at Union from 1816 to 1821, and the latter portion of the time preached to a congregation at Burnt Hills.

The friendship and character of Dr. Nott at this time greatly influenced Wayland's course, who has availed himself of an important opportunity in the delivery of a literary address at the fiftieth anniversary of the incumbency of the venerable President of Union, to express his obligations to one "to whom he owed more than any other living man." In 1821 he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Boston, where he continued for five years. His pulpit style at this period, clear and impressive, may be judged of from his volume of Discourses. One of his published sermons of this period on the Moral Dig nity of the Missionary Enterprise, an eloquent production, has had an extraordinary success, passing through many editions in England and America. In 1826, the year of his appointment to the Presidency of Brown University, he was for a short time Professor of Mathematics and

Natural Philosophy at Union. He entered upon

his duties at Providence in 1827.

The influence of Dr. Wayland's ability and character was now shown in the new adjustment and regulation of the college affairs. Its present materials of books, a library building, and philosophical apparatus, were brought together by the aid of friends, and the discipline was strengthened by the new head. The new life of the college dates from this time. The President taught by lectures in place of the old text books, and the public have participated in his efforts within the college by the publication of his works on Moral Science, Political Economy, and Intellectual Philosophy. These works have an English as well as American reputation, and the Moral Science has been translated into several foreign languages. To increase the hold of the college upon the community, Dr. Wayland next proposed a change in its working system, by which single studies might be followed and college honors awarded for a partial course. He had stated something of his views on this subject in his Address in 1829 before the American Institute of Instruction. In 1842 he published Thoughts upon the Collegiate System of the United States, which led to much discussion. At length, in 1850, at the request of the Corporation of Brown University, he presented a report discussing the matter, showing the defects of the prevailing system, and his plan for its improvement. He thought the benefits of the college should be extended beyond the small class who pursued professional studies, and that greater thoroughness might be attained in pursuing a part than the whole of a course too extended for the college period. To carry out these ends, in the new provisions for instruction, one

hundred and thirty thousand dollars were subscribed for. Practically, the change has been successful. The number of students has been doubled, and they are drawn from all classes;* while the reputation of the college has increased.

Dr. Wayland has also identified himself with a similar movement in the affairs of his religious denomination, by his advocacy of lay participation, and a better adaptation of pulpit training in the work of the Christian ministry.

In addition to the works of President Wayland which have been mentioned, are his Letters on Slavery, addressed to the Rev. Dr. Fuller of South Carolina, and his Life of the Missionary Dr. Judson, published in 1853.

As a philosophical writer, Dr. Wayland's style is marked by its force and clearness. He reduces his theme to its simplest elements, and builds up strongly his philosophical structure. He moves slowly at first, but with increasing momentum to the end. His reputation as an orator is deservedly great, and the importance which his personal character gives to the chair which he occupies, undoubted. Of his habitual manner in enfolding the argument of his subject in its rhetorical appeal, of securing the convictions of his hearers through their moral susceptibilities, we may take the opening of his high argument for the missionary enterprise.

MATTHEW XIII. 38.-THE FIELD IS THE WORLD.

Philosophers have speculated much concerning a process of sensation, which has commonly been de nominated the emotion of sublimity. Aware that, like any other simple feeling, it must be incapable of definition, they have seldom attempted to define it; but, content with remarking the occasions on which it is excited, have told us that it arises, in

general, from the contemplation of whatever is vast in nature, splendid in intellect, or lofty in morals. Or, to express the same idea somewhat varied, in the language of a critic of antiquity," that alone is truly sublime, of which the conception is vast, the effect irresistible, and the remembrance scarcely if ever to be erased."

But although philosophers only have written about this emotion, they are far from being the only men who have felt it. The untutored peasant, when he has seen the autumnal tempest collecting between the hills, and, as it advanced, enveloping in misty obscurity, village and hamlet, forest and mea dow, has tasted the sublime in all its reality; and,

In the practical management of the college to meet this change, three degrees are conferred. That of Bachelor of Arts is given to students who have pursued courses of one year each, in an Ancient Language, a Modern Language, one in Mathematics, one in Rhetoric, one in History, and one in Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, with two others to be chosen from the studies of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Physiology, Didactics (a department of instruction in the philoso phy and discipline of school-keeping, opened for those who wish to become professional teachers), Political Economy, and Geology, or from advanced courses in any of the other departments. The degree of Bachelor of Philosophy requires similar conditions, omitting the ancient languages; while the degree of Master of Arts is reserved for those who pursue a full course of liberal education, to the extent of each of the Ancient Languages for one year and a half, Mathematics for one year and a half, one Modern Language for one year, Natural Philosophy, Rhetoric and English Literature. Chemistry and Physiology, History, Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, each, for one year. The remaining courses for this deree must be selected from the courses in Political Economy, Geology, Didactics, a second Modern Language, or from advanced courses in any of the other departments-Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Brown Univ. 1858-54

+ Longinus, sec. vii.

whilst the thunder has rolled and the lightning flashed around him, has exulted in the view of nature moving forth in her majesty. The untaught sailor boy, listlessly harkening to the idle ripple of the midnight wave, when on a sudden he has thought upon the unfathomable abyss beneath him, and the wide waste of waters around him, and the infinite expanse above him, has enjoyed to the full the emotion of sublimity, whilst his inmost soul has trembled at the vastness of its own conceptions. But why need I multiply illustrations from nature? Who does not recollect the emotion he has felt, whilst surveying aught, in the material world, of terror or of vastness?

And this sensation is not produced by grandeur in material objects alone. It is also excited on most of those occasions in which we see man tasking, to the uttermost, the energies of his intellectual or moral nature. Through the long lapse of centuries, who, without emotion, has read of LEONIDAS and his three hundred's throwing themselves as a barrier before the myriads of Xerxes, and contending unto death for the liberties of Greece!

But we need not turn to classic story to find all that is great in human action; we find it in our own times, and in the history of our own country. Who is there of us that even in the nursery has not felt his spirit stir within him, when with child-like wonder he has listened to the story of WASHINGTON? And although the terms of the narrative were scarcely intelligible, yet the young soul kindled at the thought of one man's working out the deliverance of a nation. And as our understanding, strengthened by age, was at last able to grasp the detail of this transaction, we saw that our infantile conceptions had fallen far short of its grandeur. O! if an American citizen ever exults in the contemplation of all that is sublime in human enterprise, it is when, bringing to mind the men who first conceived the idea of this nation's independence, he beholds them estimating the power of her oppressor, the resources of her citizens, deciding in their collected might that this nation should be free, and through the long years of trial that ensued, never blenching from their purpose, but freely redeeming the pledge which they had given, to consecrate to it, their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor."

66

Patriots have toil'd, and in their country's cause
Bled nobly, and their deeds, as they deserve,
Receive proud recompense. We give in charge
Their names to the sweet lyre. The historic muse,
Proud of her treasure, marches with it down
To latest times; and sculpture in her turn
Gives bond, in stone and ever during brass,
To guard them and immortalize her trust.

It will not be doubted that in such actions as these, there is much which may be truly called the moral sublime. If, then, we should attentively consider them, we might perhaps ascertain what must be the elements of that enterprise, which may lay claim to this high appellation. It cannot be expected that on this occasion, we should analyze them critically. It will, however, we think, be found, upon examination, that to that enterprise alone has been awarded the meed of sublimity, of which the OBJECT was vast, the ACCOMPLISHMENT arduous, and the MEANS to be employed simple but efficient. Were not the object vast, it could not arrest our attention. Were not its accomplishment arduous, none of the nobler energies of man being tasked in its execution, we should see nothing to admire. Were not the means to that accomplishment simple, our whole conception being vague, the impression would be feeble. Were they not efficient, the in

tensest exertion could only terminate in failure and disgrace.

And here we may remark, that wherever these elements have combined in any undertaking, public sentiment has generally united in pronouncing it sublime, and history has recorded its achievements among the noblest proofs of the dignity of man. Malice may for a while have frowned, and interest opposed; men who could neither grasp what was vast, nor feel what was morally great, may have ridiculed. But all this has soon passed away. Human nature is not to be changed by the opposition of interest, or the laugh of folly. There is still enough of dignity in man to respect what is great, and to venerate what is benevolent. The cause. of man has at last gained the suffrages of man. It has advanced steadily onward, and left ridicule to wonder at the impotence of its shaft, and malice to weep over the inefficacy of its hate.

And we bless God that it is so. It is cheering to observe, that amidst so much that is debasing, there is still something that is ennobling in the character of man. It is delightful to know, that there are times when his morally bedimmed eye "beams keen with honor;" that there is yet a redeeming spirit within, which exults in enterprises of great pith and moment. We love our race the better for every such fact we discover concerning it, and bow with more reverence to the dignity of human nature. We rejoice that, shattered as has been the edifice, there yet may be discovered, now and then, a massive pillar, and, here and there, a well turned arch, which remind us of the symmetry of its former proportions, and the perfection of its original structure.

Having paid this our honest tribute to the dignity of man, we must pause, to lament over somewhat which reminds us of any thing other than his dignity. Whilst the general assertion is true, that he is awake to all that is sublime in nature, and much that is sublime in morals, there is reason to believe that there is a single class of objects, whose contemplation thrills all heaven with rapture, at which he can gaze unmelted and unmoved. The pen of inspiration has recorded, that the cross of Christ, whose mysteries the angels desire to look into, was to the tasteful and erudite Greek, foolishness. And we fear that cases very analogous to this may be witnessed at the present day. But why, my hearers, should it be so? Why should so vast a dissimilarity of moral taste exist between seraphs who bow before the throne, and men who dwell upon the footstool? Why is it, that the man, whose soul swells with ecstacy whilst viewing the innumerable suns of midnight, feels no emotion of sublimity, when thinking of their Creator? Why is it, that an enterprise of patriotism presents itself to his imagination beaming with celestial beauty, whilst the enterprise of redeeming love is without form or comeliness? Why should the noblest undertaking of mercy, if it only combine among its essential elements the distinctive principles of the gospel, become at once stale, flat, and unprofitable? When there is joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, why is it that the enterprise of proclaiming peace on earth, and good will to man, fraught, as it would seem, with more than angelic benignity, should to many of our fellow-men appear worthy of nothing better than neglect or obloquy?

The reason for all this we shall not on this occasion pretend to assign. We have time only to express our regret that such should be the fact. Confining ourselves therefore to the bearing which this moral bias has upon the missionary cause, it is with pain we are obliged to believe, that there is a large and most respectable portion of our fellow-citizens,

for many of whom we entertain every sentiment of personal esteem, and to whose opinions on most other subjects we bow with unfeigned deference, who look with perfect apathy upon the present system of exertions for eva gelizing the heathen; and we have been greatly misinformed, if there be not another, though a very different class, who consider these exertions a subject for ridicule. Perhaps it may tend somewhat to arouse the apathy of the one party, as well as to molerate the contempt of the other, if we can show that this very missionary cause combines within itself the elements of all that is sublime in human purpose, nay, combines them in a loftier perfection than any other enterprise, which was ever linked with the destinies of man. show this, will be our design; and in prosecuting it, we shall direct your attention to the GRANDEUR OF THE OBJECT; the ARDUOUSNESS OF ITS EXECUTION; and the NATURE OF THE MEANS on which we rely for

success.

Το

When Dr. Samuel Miller published his Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, in 1803, he remarked, that "there was by no means a general taste for literature in Rhode Island;" but this position is not confirmed by the College annals. Previously to that time it had educated many distinguished persons of the state, and taking its whole career, including the liberality of its home founders, it has contributed its full quota to the American records of this kind. Among its early graduates we read the names of Paul Allen, Tristam Burgess, Henry Wheaton, James Tallmadge, Williain Hunter. Two of its old Professors or Instructors deserve special notice, Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse and the Hon. Asher Robbins.

Benjamin Waterhouse was born in Newport, Rhode Island. His father, a Presbyterian, adopted Quakerism, and the son was brought up in the principles of that sect, which he never closely followed. He was a pupil of Dr. Fothergill, in London, and received his medical degree at Leyden. From 1783, for thirty years, he was Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at Harvard. From 1782 to 1795, he was a member of the Board of Fellows of Rhode Island College, and in 1784 was elected Professor of Natural History. He delivered at this time, in the state-house at

Providence, the first course of lectures upon that science ever given in the United States. He was the author of an octavo volume on the Junius question, supporting the authorship of Lord Chatham. He died at Cambridge in 1846.

Asher Robbins was tutor from 1783 to 1790. He was a native of Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale in 1782. After resigning his tutorship, during which he had become a thorough proficient in the classics, he studied law with AttorneyGeneral Channing, of Newport, and established himself there in that profession. His reputation for familiarity with Greek was widely extended among scholars. He died in February, 1845.

The name of the late Professor William Giles Goddard is prominent in the annals of the Institution. He was of an old Connecticut family of worth and public spirit. His father, William Goddard, was long connected with the press.* The son was born in Rhode Island, and was educated at Brown University, developing taste for polite literature which was not checked by a partial study of the law. In 1814, he purchased the Rhode Island American, a Federal paper at Providence, and was its editor for eleven years. In 1825, he received his appointment as Professor of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics in the College, the style of the Professorship being changed, in 1834, to that of Belles-Lettres. Ill-health compelled his resignation in 1842. He died suddenly, February 16, 1846, at the age of fifty-two. His published writings, apart from his political and other newspaper topics, are his Brown University Phi Beta Kappa Address on "The Value of Liberal Studies," his sketch of the first President Manning, an Address on the Death of William Henry Harrison, and a Discourse on the Change of the Civil Government of Rhode Island in 1843.

He established the first newspaper in Providence, the Gazette, in 1762. He was also associated with Parker's Gazette in New York, and commenced the publication of the Pennsyl vania Chronicle, in Philadelphia, in 1767. In 1778, he started the Maryland Journal, which he published till 1792. He was a Whig in the Revolution. After the Revolution he retired to Rhode Island. He died at Providence in 1917, in his seventyeighth year.-Prof. W. Gammell, in Updike's Hist. of Narra gansett Church, 156.