Notwithstanding the fact that the population of Pennsylvania increased 21.6 per cent. from 1900 to 1910, the number of farms decreased 2.2 per cent., the acreage of farm land 4 per cent. and the acreage of improved land 4.1 per cent., the decrease in farm acreage being greater in proportion than that in the number of farms. The average size of farms decreased 1.6 acres.

Faim property, which includes land, buildings, implements and machinery, and livestock (domestic animals, poultry and bees), has increased in value during the decade $201,646,000, or 19.2 per cent. This great increase was principally due to increases of $87,759,000 in the value of buildings, of over $55,000,000 in the value of land, and of $58,850,000 in the value of farm equipment, including implements and machinery and livestock. Of the increase last mentioned, about two-thirds represents that in the value of livestock. In considering the increase of values in agriculture, the general increase in the prices of all commodities in the last ten years should be borne in mind.

The average value in 1900 of a farm with its equipment was $4,690, while ten years later it was $5,715. The average value of land alone rose from $29.70 per acre in 1900 to $33.92 in 1910.

FARM TENURE

The number of all farms, and therefore of all farm operators, is 219,295. Of the operators, 164,229 are owners, 3,961 managers and 51,105 tenants. Of the owners, 154,088 operate exclusively land owned by them, while 10,141 operate land which they rent in addition to that which they own. The 51,105 tenants are further classified according to the character of their tenancy; thus, 27,951 are share tenants, 1,042 share-cash tenants, 18,940 cash tenants, and for 3,172 no report relative to character of tenure was secured.

Per cent.

Kind.

The number of tenants constitutes 23.3 per cent. of the total number of farm operators. This percentage is but a little above that of 1880, when 21.2 per cent. of all farms were in the hands of tenants, and is exactly the same as that of 1890. The greatest absolute and relative number of tenants reported for any census year was for 1900, when 58,266, or 26 per cent. of all farmers, were in this class. During the last ten years the number has decreased 7,161, or 12.3 per cent. This decrease in the proportion of tenants in Pennsylvania corresponds with a similar movement in each of the North Atlantic states, but is in contrast to an increase, both absolute and relative, for the country as a whole.

VALUES OF ANIMALS, POULTRY AND BEES

The values of the various kinds of domestic animals and of poultry and bees, as reported by the censuses of 1910 and 1900, and the changes in such values, are shown in the following table:

During the decade, domestic animals, poultry and bees combined increased in value $39,041,000, or 38.1 per cent. While most classes increased in value, they changed in widely differing degrees. The greatest absolute increase is noted in the value of the horses and colts, being nearly seven-tenths of the net gain for domestic animals as a whole. The relative increase was 66.2 per cent. Horses are now the most important class of livestock in the State, as judged by total value, whereas, in 1900 cattle ranked first. The latter class shows an increase in value of only $4,167,000, or 9.7 per cent. The largest relative increase is found in the value of mules, 120.9 per cent. The total value of swine increased $1,794,000, or 30.8 per cent. and that of poultry $3,191,000, or 71.2 per cent. Sheep and lambs show the only noteworthy decrease, amounting to $708,000, or 15.3 per cent.

Per cent. distribution.

Amount.

Per cent.

The value of horses and cattle represents about 82 per cent. of the value of all livestock. Swine and poultry are almost exactly the same in value, and together represent about 11 per cent. of the total. Mules represent 4.5 per cent. and sheep 2.8 per cent.

Of all the farms in the State, 88 per cent. report cattle, 87.2 per cent. reporting "dairy cows" and only 19.1 per cent. "other cows." The total number of cows increased somewhat during the decade, and the average value of dairy cows increased from $30.88 to $38.67, while that of other cows decreased from $25.02 to $23.03. The average number of dairy cows per farm reporting is nearly five. The census of 1900 was taken as of June 1st, after all the spring calves were dropped while that of 1910 was taken as of April 15th, before the close of the calving season and when the calves on hand were on the average younger that at the enumeration of 1900. As a result, the calves enumerated were fewer in number and of slightly lower average value in 1910 than in 1900, the number decreasing from 421,323 to 235,656 and the average value from $7.20 to $7.10.

Horses are reported by 84.1 per cent. of all the farmers in the State, but only 11.1 per cent. report colts born in 1909, and 2.8 per cent. report spring colts. The average value of mature horses, $128.22, is over one and three-fourths that reported in 1900. About one farmer in every twelve reports mules. The average values of mules are somewhat higher than those of horses of the corresponding age groups.

Sheep and lambs are reported from 25,436 farms, or 11.6 per cent. of all the farms in the State, whereas, in 1900, 19.6 per cent. of all farms reported sheep. Of the farms reporting sheep and lambs, 77.9 per cent. report spring lambs, the number of the latter being 51.9 per cent. of the number of ewes. This comparatively small proportion is doubtless due to the early date of enumeration. Ewes are reported on all but 754 of the farms reporting sheep, and for the farms reporting the average is over 19 per farm. Those reporting rams and wethers show an average of about 16 per farm. The average flock in the State, excluding spring lambs, is 25 sheep, while in 1900 it was 22.

Of all farms, 65.1 per cent. report swine and show an average of nearly 7 per farm reporting. On account of the early date of enumeration, only 23.9 per cent. report spring pigs. The average value of swine classed as "hogs and pigs farrowed before January 1, 1910," is $10.23.

The number of tenants constitutes 23.3 per cent. of the total number of farm operators. This percentage is but a little above that of 1880, when 21.2 per cent. of all farms were in the hands of tenants, and is exactly the same as that of 1890. The greatest absolute and relative number of tenants reported for any census year was for 1900, when 58,266, or 26 per cent. of all farmers, were in this class. During the last ten years the number has decreased 7,161, or 12.3 per cent. This decrease in the proportion of tenants in Pennsylvania corresponds with a similar movement in each of the North Atlantic states, but is in contrast to an increase, both absolute and relative, for the country as a whole.

VALUES OF ANIMALS, POULTRY AND BEES

The values of the various kinds of domestic animals and of poultry and bees, as reported by the censuses of 1910 and 1900, and the changes in such values, are shown in the following table:

A minus sign (-) denotes decrease.
(2) Less than one-tenth of one per cent.
*Deer.

During the decade, domestic animals, poultry and bees combined increased in value $39,041,000, or 38.1 per cent. While most classes increased in value, they changed in widely differing degrees. The greatest absolute increase is noted in the value of the horses and colts, being nearly seven-tenths of the net gain for domestic animals as a whole. The relative increase was 66.2 per cent. Horses are now the most important class of livestock in the State, as judged by total value, whereas, in 1900 cattle ranked first. The latter class shows an increase in value of only $4,167,000, or 9.7 per cent. The largest relative increase is found in the value of mules, 120.9 per cent. The total value of swine increased $1,794,000, or 30.8 per cent. and that of poultry $3,191,000, or 71.2 per cent. Sheep and lambs show the only noteworthy decrease, amounting to $708,000, or 15.3 per

cent.

Per cent.

The value of horses and cattle represents about 82 per cent. of the value of all livestock. Swine and poultry are almost exactly the same in value, and together represent about 11 per cent. of the total. Mules represent 4.5 per cent. and sheep 2.8 per cent.

Of all the farms in the State, 88 per cent. report cattle, 87.2 per cent. reporting "dairy cows" and only 19.1 per cent. "other cows." The total number of cows increased somewhat during the decade, and the average value of dairy cows increased from $30.88 to $38.67, while that of other cows decreased from $25.02 to $23.03. The average number of dairy cows per farm reporting is nearly five. The census of 1900 was taken as of June 1st, after all the spring calves were dropped while that of 1910 was taken as of April 15th, before the close of the calving season and when the calves on hand were on the average younger that at the enumeration of 1900. As a result, the calves enumerated were fewer in number and of slightly lower average value in 1910 than in 1900, the number decreasing from 421,323 to 235,656 and the average value from $7.20 to $7.10.

Horses are reported by 84.1 per cent. of all the farmers in the State, but only 11.1 per cent. report colts born in 1909, and 2.8 per cent. report spring colts. The average value of mature horses, $128.22, is over one and three-fourths that reported in 1900. About one farmer in every twelve reports mules. The average values of mules are somewhat higher than those of horses of the corresponding age groups.

Sheep and lambs are reported from 25,436 farms, or 11.6 per cent. of all the farms in the State, whereas, in 1900, 19.6 per cent. of all farms reported sheep. Of the farms reporting sheep and lambs, 77.9 per cent. report spring lambs, the number of the latter being 51.9 per cent. of the number of ewes. This comparatively small proportion is doubtless due to the early date of enumeration. Ewes are reported on all but 754 of the farms reporting sheep, and for the farms reporting the average is over 19 per farm. Those reporting rams and wethers show an average of about 16 per farm. The average flock in the State, excluding spring lambs, is 25 sheep, while in 1900 it was 22.

Of all farms, 65.1 per cent. report swine and show an average of nearly 7 per farm reporting. On account of the early date of enumeration, only 23.9 per cent. report spring pigs. The average value of swine classed as "hogs and pigs farrowed before January 1, 1910," is $10.23.